Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study
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Background In Norway, cod liver oil is an important source of dietary vitamin D and the long-chain n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, all of which have biological properties of potential relevance for the prevention of type 1 diabetes.Objective The main objective was to investigate whether the use of dietary cod liver oil or other vitamin D supplements, either by the mother during pregnancy or by the child during the first year of life, is associated with a lower risk of type 1 diabetes among children.Design We designed a nationwide case-control study in Norway with 545 cases of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes and 1668 population control subjects. Families were contacted by mail, and they completed a questionnaire on the frequency of use of cod liver oil and other vitamin D supplements and other relevant factors.Results Use of cod liver oil in the first year of life was associated with a significantly lower risk of type 1 diabetes (adjusted odds ratio: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.99). Use of other vitamin D supplements during the first year of life and maternal use of cod liver oil or other vitamin D supplements during pregnancy were not associated with type 1 diabetes.Conclusion Cod liver oil may reduce the risk of type 1 diabetes, perhaps through the antiinflammatory effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids.
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Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with type 1 diabetes, and use of cod liver oil during pregnancy and during the first year of life has been associated with lower risk of type 1 diabetes.
“Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with T1D64,65 and the use of cod liver oil (a rich source of vitamin D) during pregnancy66 and the first year of life67 has been associated with a lower risk of T1D.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
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- Authors
- Stene, L. C., & Joner, G.
- Affiliations
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Stene, Lars C
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1128-1134
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2114122082
- Cited by
- 425
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 8.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Keywords
- cod liver oil, type 1 diabetes, childhood-onset type 1 diabetes, vitamin D supplementation, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, infant nutrition, anti-inflammatory activity, diabetes prevention
- MeSH terms
- Cod Liver Oil, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Norway, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Vitamin D, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Dietary Supplements
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