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Cited by 270Smoking Behavior and CessationMental Health Treatment and AccessSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

Cigarette smoking and incidence of first depressive episode: An 11-year, population-based follow-up study

Klungsøyr, Ole, Nygård, Jan F., Sørensen, Tom, Sandanger, Inger·2006·American Journal of Epidemiology
DOI 10.1093/aje/kwj058
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Abstract

Smoking has been found to be associated with depression. Biologic hypotheses support causation in both directions. This study examined the association between cigarette smoking and a subsequent first depression. In 1990, 2,014 adults in Norway were interviewed about their lifestyle and mental health. A 2001 reinterview by trained interviewers defined the study cohort of 1,190 participants. The cases were those who experienced a first depression whose onset was estimated to occur during the follow-up period, based on retrospective assessment by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision). Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard rate of depression during follow-up. Alternative explanations for a direct causal influence from smoking on subsequent depression were assessed, and a sensitivity analysis was performed. The risk of depression was four times as high for heavy smokers compared with never smokers. A dose-response relation with an increasing hazard for past smokers and for an increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day for current smokers was found. Similarly, increasing smoking time was associated with increasing risk. Failure of other plausible alternatives to explain the observed association between smoking and depression might reflect a direct causal influence of smoking on depression.

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  • The risk of developing depression was four times higher in heavy smokers than nonsmokers, and increased time of smoking dependency was correlated with increased risk of depression.

    “the risk of developing depression was four times higher in heavy smokers than nonsmokers and increased time of smoking dependency was correlated with increased risk of depression (Klungsøyr, Nygård, Sørensen, & Sandanger, 2006)”

    From Nicotine addiction and psychiatric disorders (2015) · cites this paper as Klungsøyr et al., 2006

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Authors
Klungsøyr, O., Nygård, J. F., Sørensen, T., & Sandanger, I.
Affiliations
University of Oslo (NO)
Corresponding author
Klungsøyr, Ole
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2006-01-04
Volume
163
Issue
5
Pages
421-432
ISSN
  • 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-6256
DOI
10.1093/aje/kwj058
OpenAlex
W2152013172
Cited by
269
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 17
FWCI
10.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords
cigarette smoking, depression, first-episode depression, dose-response relationship, smoking duration, heavy smoking, causal inference, mental health
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Smoking, Time Factors, Incidence, Confidence Intervals, Proportional Hazards Models

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