A prospective study of bowel movement frequency and risk of Parkinson's disease
Open accessAbstract
The authors prospectively examined bowel movement frequency at baseline in relation to future Parkinson's disease risk in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) during 2000-2006 (33,901 men) and the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) during 1982-2006 (93,767 women). During the follow-up (6 years for the HPFS and 24 years for the NHS), the authors identified 156 incident male Parkinson's disease cases (HPFS) and 402 female cases (NHS). In the HPFS, compared with men with daily bowel movements, men with a bowel movement every 3 days or less had a multivariate-adjusted relative risk of 4.98 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.59, 9.57) for developing Parkinson's disease in the next 6 years. In the NHS, the corresponding relative risk was 2.15 (95% CI: 0.76, 6.10), and the risk of Parkinson's disease was not elevated beyond 6 years of follow-up (relative risks = 1.25 for years 7-12, 0.54 for years 13-18, and 0.88 for years 19-24). When these 2 cohorts were combined, the pooled relative risks for Parkinson's disease in the next 6 years were 0.75, 1 (referent), 2.62, and 3.93 (95% CI: 2.26, 6.84) (P(trend) < 0.0001) across 4 bowel movement categories. In conclusion, infrequent bowel movements may antedate the onset of cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may contribute to the identification of populations with higher than average Parkinson's disease risk.
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Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease may precede the classical motor symptoms by several years.
“Some of these symptoms may precede the classical motor symptoms by several years (Abbott et al., 2001;Chen et al., 2015;Gao et al., 2011)”
From The Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson’s Disease: Possibilities for Food-Based Therapies (2017) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2011
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- Authors
- Gao, X., Chen, H., Schwarzschild, M. A., & Ascherio, A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gao, X.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-06-30
- Volume
- 174
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 546-551
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- PMC
- PMC3202149
- OpenAlex
- W2103939473
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1z01es101986-03, Z01-ES101986)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS061858, K24NS060991, R01NS048517)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES 101986)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, stool frequency, constipation, risk factors, men, women, Health Professionals Follow-up Study, Nurses' Health Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Constipation, Defecation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Risk Factors
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