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Requests and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP)1

BLUM-KULKA, S., OLSHTAIN, E.·1984·Applied Linguistics

DOI 10.1093/applin/5.3.196

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SHOSHANA BLUM-KULKA, ELITE OLSHTAIN; Requests and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP)1, Applied Linguistics, Volu

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“The similarities in apology strategies are reflected in the ilocutionary force indicating device (IFID, henceforth) and self-blame, while the differences are mostly reflected in the apologists’ explanations, offers of repair and promises of avoidance (Blum-kulka & Olshtain, 1984).”
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“org ISSN: 2229-9327 112 Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984) divided apologies into five strategies, based on data collected from one of the first and most comprehensive speech act research projects of all time: “the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project” (the CCSARP).”
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The Philosophy of Requesting in Official Letters: Arab Higher Educational Institutions
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“The results of the DCT were analysed first according to the Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realisation Patterns (CCSARP) coding scheme (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1983) and then according to the linguistic patterns (LPs) used in each compliment.”
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“…chooses the most appropriate request realization from three major strategies, differing by the extent to which the illocution is transparent from locution, which are: 1) direct requests, 2) conventionally indirect requests, and 3) non-conventionally indirect requests (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain 1984).”
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“ʼ) or through making strong hints (ʻYou’ve left this kitchen in a right messʼ) or mild hints (ʻI’m a nunʼ) (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain, 1984: 202).”
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“Additionally, when a speaker apologizes, he/she tends to follow a certain strategy, which is one of the most famous apology strategies presented by Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984).”
Background
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“Data collected were analyzed considering the (in)directedness (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984) as well as the external and internal modification devices as informed by Dendenne’s (2014) classification scheme.”
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“Certain forms are more conventional and are used more often than others, such as (I am sorry) which means “forgiveness” (Blum-Kulka & Olshtain, 1984).”
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“Request Blum-Kulka & Olshtain (1984) established a cross-linguistic scale of directness based on request strategy taxonomy.”
Background
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“This approach de ﬁ ned a universal set of apology strategies in the CCSARP project by Cohen and Olshtain (1981), Olshtain and Cohen (1983), and Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984).”
Method
Bibliography
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Method
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Moody, S. J., Peterson, J., Tsuchiya, S., et al. (2024) · Intercultural Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/ip-2024-5001
“…similar acts by speakers of di ﬀ erent languages are compared in an e ﬀ ort to both describe the linguistic and social di ﬀ erences between users of those languages and to enhance the ability of learners to use additional languages in pragmatically appropriate ways (Blum-Kulka and Olshtain 1984).”
The sociopragmatic dimension of language use and evaluations of interactional behaviour
Bartali, V. (2024) · Pragmatics Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) · doi:10.1075/prag.23049.bar
Acknowledgements
(2021) · Studies in language and social interaction · doi:10.1075/slsi.34.ack
Prelim pages
(2021) · Studies in language and social interaction · doi:10.1075/slsi.34.prelim
Subject index
(2021) · Studies in language and social interaction · doi:10.1075/slsi.34.si
Bibliography
(2021) · Studies in language and social interaction · doi:10.1075/slsi.34.bib
Appendix. Transcription conventions and glossing symbols
(2021) · Studies in language and social interaction · doi:10.1075/slsi.34.app
Table of contents
(2021) · Studies in language and social interaction · doi:10.1075/slsi.34.toc
Name index
(2021) · Studies in language and social interaction · doi:10.1075/slsi.34.ni

Authors: BLUM-KULKA, S., & OLSHTAIN, E.
Affiliations: Tel Aviv University (IL)
ORCID: OLSHTAIN, E.
Venue: Applied Linguistics
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1984-03-01
Volume: 5
Issue: 3
Pages: 196-213
ISSN: 0142-6001 (ISSN-L)
1477-450X
DOI: 10.1093/applin/5.3.196
OpenAlex: W2009497647
Semantic Scholar: e7cd5f7d359d1521ffe4a811773667f6b8042536
Cited by: 1,242
References: 15
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 42.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Applied Linguistics (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Analysis
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
Keywords: requests, apology, speech act realization, cross-cultural pragmatics, politeness, speech acts

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Requests and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP)1

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