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Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity
Open accessAbstract
Sex differences in age- and puberty-related maturation of human brain structure have been observed in typically developing age-matched boys and girls. Because girls mature 1-2 years earlier than boys, the present study aimed at assessing sex differences in brain structure by studying 80 adolescent boys and girls matched on sexual maturity, rather than age. We evaluated pubertal influences on medial temporal lobe (MTL), thalamic, caudate, and cortical gray matter volumes utilizing structural magnetic resonance imaging and 2 measures of pubertal status: physical sexual maturity and circulating testosterone. As predicted, significant interactions between sex and the effect of puberty were observed in regions with high sex steroid hormone receptor densities; sex differences in the right hippocampus, bilateral amygdala, and cortical gray matter were greater in more sexually mature adolescents. Within sex, we found larger volumes in MTL structures in more sexually mature boys, whereas smaller volumes were observed in more sexually mature girls. Our results demonstrate puberty-related maturation of the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortical gray matter that is not confounded by age, and is different for girls and boys, which may contribute to differences in social and cognitive development during adolescence, and lasting sexual dimorphisms in the adult brain.
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TL;DR
In 80 adolescents matched on sexual maturity rather than age, puberty-related gray matter maturation differed by sex: more sexually mature boys showed larger medial temporal lobe volumes, while more sexually mature girls showed smaller amygdala and cortical gray matter volumes. These sex-by-puberty interactions were significant for the right hippocampus, bilateral amygdala, and cortical gray matter, independent of age in several analyses.
Key findings
- Significant sex-by-pubertal-status interactions were found for the right hippocampus (b = −0.540, P = 0.013) and bilateral amygdala (right: b = −0.572, P = 0.010; left: b = −0.470, P = 0.035) using Tanner stage, with sex differences larger in mid/late puberty than pre/early puberty.
- Boys in mid/late puberty had larger left amygdala volumes than boys in pre/early puberty (z = 1.82, P = 0.034), with trends for right amygdala (z = 1.55, P = 0.060) and right hippocampus (z = 1.61, P = 0.053); however, these effects could not be dissociated from age.
- Girls in mid/late puberty had smaller bilateral cortical gray matter volumes than girls in pre/early puberty (right: z = −2.60, P = 0.005; left: z = −2.88, P = 0.002), and advanced Tanner stage predicted declining bilateral amygdala (right: b = −0.363, P = 0.018; left: b = −0.090, P = 0.568) and cortical gray matter (right: b = −0.379, P = 0.013; left: b = −0.415, P = 0.006) independent of age.
- In girls, circulating testosterone correlated inversely with right amygdala volume (r = −0.289, P = 0.046) and bilateral cortical gray matter (right: r = −0.355, P = 0.014; left: r = −0.380, P = 0.008); no significant sex-by-puberty interactions were detected for thalamus or caudate.
Methods
- Cross-sectional study of 80 healthy adolescents (48 girls, 32 boys) with complete data; girls’ age range 10.75–13.48 years, boys’ 11.73–13.98 years. Pubertal status was measured by physical exam using Tanner stages and by circulating testosterone from finger-stick blood samples.
- Structural MRI was acquired on a 3-T Siemens Allegra scanner; FreeSurfer was used for automated segmentation of amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, caudate, and cortical gray matter, with manual editing of hippocampal and amygdala delineations.
- Analyses included t-tests, simultaneous multiple regression for sex, age, whole-brain volume, and sex-by-puberty interactions, Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests for Tanner-stage group differences, and Pearson correlations for testosterone; boys and girls were also analyzed separately.
Limitations
- Stated: in boys, effects of sexual maturity on amygdala volume could not be dissociated from concomitant age effects; in girls, testosterone effects on right MTL volume did not remain significant when age was added.
- Stated: the study was cross-sectional, and the authors note future longitudinal studies are needed to parse hormonal versus age-related influences; results were not corrected for multiple comparisons because a relatively small number of hypothesis-driven tests were conducted.
- Stated/evident: FreeSurfer validity varies by region, with amygdala and hippocampus less valid than some other regions, though manual editing and reliability checks were performed; the restricted age range and sampling difference in pre/early versus mid/late puberty proportions between boys and girls may limit generalization.
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57 Own result · 27 Not checked yet · 10 Own interpretation · 6 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age was not a significant predictor of regional or cortical gray matter volume for any region in the multiple regression analyses (see Table 5).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Girls
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and bilateral amygdala (right: b = -0.572,P = 0.010; left: b = -0.470,P = 0.035)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with both our hypotheses and our findings using measures of physical sexual maturity, female participants with higher circulating TES levels had smaller bilateral cortical gray matter volumes (right: r = -0.355,P = 0.014; left: r = -0.380,P = 0.008) than female participants with lower circulating TES levels.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Consistent with our findings using TS, adolescent girls with higher levels of TES had smaller bilateral cortical gray matter than adolescent girls of the same age with lower levels.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Circulating TES in Girls
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found a significant interaction between sex and how well circulating TES predicted the volume of cortical gray matter bilaterally (right: b = -0.479,P = 0.020; left: b = -0.502,P = 0.015)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone level is a valid measure of pubertal status in both boys and girls.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TES was not significantly associated with age in girls.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Relationships between Sex, Age, Sexual Maturity, and Circulating TES Levels
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average, boys had larger brains than girls (P < 0.0001).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, boys in mid/ late puberty had significantly larger amygdala (z = 1.82,P = 0.034) and a trend toward larger right amygdala (z = 1.55,P = 0.060) and right hippocampal (z = 1.61,P = 0.053) volumes than boys in pre/early puberty.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Boys
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were unable to dissociate effects of sexual maturity on amygdala volume from concomitant age effects in boys.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Boys
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As predicted, female participants in mid/late puberty, assessed using TS, had significantly smaller right and left cortical gray matter volumes than girls in earlier stages of puberty (z = -2.60,P = 0.005; z = -2.88,P = 0.002, respectively).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Girls
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, boys in mid/ late puberty had significantly larger amygdala (z = 1.82,P = 0.034) and a trend toward larger right amygdala (z = 1.55,P = 0.060) and right hippocampal (z = 1.61,P = 0.053) volumes than boys in pre/early puberty.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Boys
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were unable to detect any interactions between sex and the effects of pubertal status on the thalamus or caudate using either TS or TES as predictors.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Girls in earlier stages of puberty had larger gray matter volumes in the right and left cortex than girls of the same age in later stages of puberty.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
In the paper
“While boys sampled had a significantly smaller proportion of pre/early : mid/late puberty participants than girls sampled (P = 0.038, calculated using the SOCR Fisher's exact test applet [http://socr.ucla.edu/htmls/SOCR_ Analyses.html];Che et al. 2009)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Statistical Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Che et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In girls, larger TS measurements were associated with a more mature pattern of cortical gray matter.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and bilateral amygdala (right: b = -0.572,P = 0.010; left: b = -0.470,P = 0.035)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even within the restricted age range studied, older boys and girls tended to be in later pubertal stages, assessed with TS, than younger boys (P = 0.004) and girls (P = 0.007) (see Table 1).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Relationships between Sex, Age, Sexual Maturity, and Circulating TES Levels
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, no significant effects of sex on regional volume could be dissociated from both age and WBV differences between groups.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with our findings using TS, we found an inverse correlation between circulating TES and volume of the right amygdala (r = -0.289,P = 0.046) (see Table 4).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Circulating TES in Girls
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sexual maturity was not predictive of total hemispheric cortical gray matter in boys, suggesting some regional specificity to the impact of sexual maturity on MTL brain structures.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Boys
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found a significant interaction between sex and how well circulating TES predicted the volume of cortical gray matter bilaterally (right: b = -0.479,P = 0.020; left: b = -0.502,P = 0.015)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone level is a valid measure of pubertal status in both boys and girls.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As hypothesized, we found interactions between sex and the effect of pubertal status on the development of the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortical gray matter.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When we performed multiple regression analysis, including circulating TES and age as predictors, increased circulating TES significantly predicted loss of cortical gray matter in both hemispheres (right: b = -0.330,P = 0.027; left: b = -0.356,P = 0.016) (see Table 5)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Circulating TES in Girls
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
- Rests on an assumption: Age is an adequate covariate to dissociate pubertal from age-related effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We were unable to detect effects of circulating TES on regional volumes when male participants were studied as a separate population.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Circulating TES in Boys
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone level is a valid measure of pubertal status in both boys and girls.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, boys in mid/ late puberty had significantly larger amygdala (z = 1.82,P = 0.034) and a trend toward larger right amygdala (z = 1.55,P = 0.060) and right hippocampal (z = 1.61,P = 0.053) volumes than boys in pre/early puberty.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Boys
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In each of these regions, the effect of sex was larger in mid/late puberty (TS = 3, 4, or 5) than in pre/early puberty (TS = 1 or 2).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“where the sex differences in volume are greater among those at higher TES levels than those at lower TES levels.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone level is a valid measure of pubertal status in both boys and girls.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found a significant interaction between sex and the ability of physical sexual maturity to predict the volumes of the right hippocampus (b = -0.540,P = 0.013)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As predicted, male participants in mid/late puberty, assessed using TS, had larger volumes in MTL structures than those in earlier stages (see Fig. 4 and Table 4).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Boys
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant interactions between sex and the effect of circulating TES on regional volume were found (D).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Circulating TES level was an order of magnitude greater in boys than in girls (reflected in the range on the y-axis).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, TES did not significantly predict thalamic volume in either boys or girls alone or independent of concomitant age effects.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
- Rests on an assumption: Age is an adequate covariate to dissociate pubertal from age-related effects.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We found sex differences in the right and left thalamus, similar to previous reports (Neufang et al. 2008;Peper et al. 2009).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Neufang et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Peper et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant interactions between sex and the effect of sexual maturity on regional volume were found in B or F.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we found no evidence that pubertal influences are significantly associated with sex differences in this region.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, circulating TES predicted right MTL volume, but as with TS results, it was in an unpredicted direction.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, effects of sexual maturity on MTL volume were in an unpredicted direction.MTL volume was smaller in more than in less sexually mature girls.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant interactions between sex and the effect of sexual maturity on regional volume were found (A, C, and E).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Girls with higher levels had smaller right amygdala and hippocampal volumes than girls with lower levels of circulating TES”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did find that circulating TES significantly predicted thalamic volume when boys and girls were pooled.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When we used multiple regression analysis, modeling effects of both advancing pubertal status and age, we found that girls in earlier stages of puberty had significantly larger gray matter volumes in the right amygdala than girls in later stages, independent of age.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
- Rests on an assumption: Age is an adequate covariate to dissociate pubertal from age-related effects.
In the paper
“because animal studies have shown high densities of steroid hormone receptors in these regions (for review, see Sarkey et al. 2008)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sarkey et al. 2008 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sex differences in age-and puberty-related maturation of human brain structure have been observed in typically developing agematched boys and girls.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Sex differences in both the size and the relationship between measures of puberty and MTL maturation have been found in typically developing human adolescents (Neufang et al. 2008;Peper et al. 2009)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Neufang et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Peper et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sex differences in both the size and the relationship between measures of puberty and MTL maturation have been found in typically developing human adolescents (Neufang et al. 2008;Peper et al. 2009)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Neufang et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Peper et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“consequently, the male populations in previous studies (Neufang et al. 2008;Peper et al. 2009) were likely in earlier stages of sexual maturity than their female counterparts.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Neufang et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Peper et al. 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“this sampling difference did not affect either estimates of population means or variances used in the nonparametric statistical tests applied here (Hellmann and Fowler 1999).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Statistical Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hellmann and Fowler 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we were unable to dissociate these from concomitant age effects in our population.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Age is an adequate covariate to dissociate pubertal from age-related effects.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that all interactions significant in the prior analysis remained significant when WBV was included in the regression equation.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and steroid hormones exert trophic effects on the amygdala and hippocampus (Galea et al. 2006;Zhang et al. 2008).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results demonstrate puberty-related maturation of the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortical gray matter that is not confounded by age, and is different for girls and boys”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: MRI-derived volume changes in the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortical gray matter reflect underlying maturational changes in these structures.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sign test statistics (P = 0. 286) provide statistical evidence that the results of the 2 delineations were statistically indistinguishable.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Image Processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Girls, on average, mature sexually 1--2 years earlier than boys (Marshall 1986)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marshall 1986
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these effects were significant even when age was used as an additional predictor, suggesting that sexual dimorphisms in MTL and cortical gray matter are driven more by pubertal influences, and less so by other factors co-occurring with increased age during adolescence.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Cross-sectional differences in brain volume across pubertal stages reflect developmental changes (maturation) rather than cohort effects.
- Rests on an assumption: Age is an adequate covariate to dissociate pubertal from age-related effects.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“further supporting the hypothesis that any true sexual dimorphisms in these structures are likely unrelated to puberty-driven brain maturation.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous human brain imaging studies have also been unable to link sex differences in basal ganglia or thalamic volumes (Neufang et al. 2008;Peper et al. 2009) to pubertal influences (Neufang et al. 2008;Peper et al. 2009)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Neufang et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Peper et al. 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“though these effects did not remain significant when age was used as an additional predictor.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
- Rests on an assumption: Age is an adequate covariate to dissociate pubertal from age-related effects.
In the paper
“While risk and reward processing and decision-making skills develop in both boys and girls during adolescence, boys tend to be less risk averse than girls during adolescence (Van Leijenhorst et al. 2008).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Leijenhorst et al. 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Mean volume increases in MTL volume in boys but statistically significant decreases in girls with the progression of puberty may be related to sex differences in the number of new cells added to the amygdala during puberty.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ahmed et al. 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings of trophic changes in medial temporal limbic regions without the presumed increased efficiency and cognitive control that accompany cortical thinning in the frontal lobes may explain why boys are more likely to take risks than girls, whose cortical development occurs so much earlier.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, the relatively early cortical maturation in girls, while possibly related to increased anxiety and depression symptoms, may also reduce their propensity to take unnecessary risks.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant sex by puberty interactions in the cerebral cortex were driven by volume reductions in girls at more advanced pubertal stages, but no effect of sexual maturity on cortical volumes in boys was seen.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Advanced physical sexual maturity significantly predicted declining volume bilaterally in the amygdala (right: b = -0.363,P = 0.018; left: b = -0.090,P = 0.568) and bilaterally in the cortex (right: b = -0.379,P = 0.013; left: b = -0.415,P = 0.006), independent from and better than age.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Girls
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but neither circulating TES nor age contributed significant unique variance to MTL volume.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Circulating TES in Girls
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
- Rests on an assumption: Age is an adequate covariate to dissociate pubertal from age-related effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Advanced physical sexual maturity significantly predicted declining volume bilaterally in the amygdala (right: b = -0.363,P = 0.018; left: b = -0.090,P = 0.568) and bilaterally in the cortex (right: b = -0.379,P = 0.013; left: b = -0.415,P = 0.006), independent from and better than age.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Girls
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were sex differences in age (P < 0.0001) and WBV (P < 0.0001) that did not change with advancing puberty (i.e., the difference between boys and girls at early puberty was the same as differences between boys and girls in late puberty).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As predicted, there was a significant main effect of sex such that girls had smaller volumes than boys in all regions assessed (P < 0.001), with the exception of the caudate, which was not significantly different between the 2 sexes.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, girls in mid/late puberty had a smaller right amygdala (z = 2.51, P = 0.006) than girls in pre/ early puberty (see Fig. 4 and Table 4), though not significantly so, as these were results from a one-tailed test and in the unpredicted direction.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Girls
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As with physical sexual maturity, circulating TES typically predicted regional volume qualitatively better than age; puberty had a larger estimated beta than age in most tests.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Circulating TES in Girls
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these structures, we show that the effects of sex are not significant in pre/early puberty but are significant in mid/late pubertal children.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Significant interactions of sex with physical sexual maturity for the right hippocampus were driven by nonsignificant volume increases with increased sexual maturity in boys, and significant volume decreases with increased sexual maturity in girls, independent of age.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
- Rests on an assumption: Age is an adequate covariate to dissociate pubertal from age-related effects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Advanced physical sexual maturity significantly predicted declining volume bilaterally in the amygdala (right: b = -0.363,P = 0.018; left: b = -0.090,P = 0.568) and bilaterally in the cortex (right: b = -0.379,P = 0.013; left: b = -0.415,P = 0.006), independent from and better than age.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Girls
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In boys, sexual maturity, measured using TS, predicted volume increases in the MTL, significantly so in the left amygdala.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, TES level was positively correlated with age in boys, suggesting that older boys (P = 0.004) had higher TES levels than younger boys.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Relationships between Sex, Age, Sexual Maturity, and Circulating TES Levels
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Advanced physical sexual maturity significantly predicted declining volume bilaterally in the amygdala (right: b = -0.363,P = 0.018; left: b = -0.090,P = 0.568) and bilaterally in the cortex (right: b = -0.379,P = 0.013; left: b = -0.415,P = 0.006), independent from and better than age.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Girls
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these regions, smaller volumes were observed in girls at later than earlier pubertal stages, with trends for boys to increase in volume with advancing pubertal status (see Table 4).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these regions, volume reductions were observed in girls at earlier than at later pubertal stages, whereas no differences were observed in the boys.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone level is a valid measure of pubertal status in both boys and girls.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the bilateral thalamus, boys had larger volumes than girls in both pre/early and mid/late puberty; this effect was not different in pre/early than mid/late puberty.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We show that MTL volumes rise in boys, and decline in girls, when evaluated as a function of sexual maturity.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TES was significantly correlated with age in boys, but not in girls.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
In the paper
“While the literature states that the criteria for TS are reliable (Slora et al. 2009)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sexual Maturity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Slora et al. 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As with manual methods, the validity of regional delineations by FreeSurfer varies by region, with some regions, like the amygdala and hippocampus, being less valid than others (Fischl et al. 2002).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Image Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fischl et al. 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these experiments, we conduct a relatively small number of hypothesis-driven statistical tests to keep experiment-wise error low, and thus, results presented were not corrected for multiple comparisons.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) studies have shown that the volume of structures within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) (specifically, the amygdala and hippocampus) increases (Giedd et al. 1996;Sowell and Jernigan 1998;Yurgelun-Todd et al. 2003)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Giedd et al. 1996 source
- Not checked yetcites Sowell and Jernigan 1998
- Not checked yetcites Yurgelun-Todd et al. 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and that gray matter in the dorsal frontal and parietal lobes thins between childhood and adulthood (Giedd et al. 1999;Sowell et al. 2003;Sowell, Thompson, Leonard, et al. 2004;Shaw et al. 2008).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which may contribute to differences in social and cognitive development during adolescence, and lasting sexual dimorphisms in the adult brain.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: MRI-derived volume changes in the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortical gray matter reflect underlying maturational changes in these structures.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 95% confidence interval estimated for ICC was as follows 0.993 < ICC < 0.998, showing that volumes resultant from the 2 sessions are nearly perfectly correlated.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Image Processing
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, being completely automated, FreeSurfer volume estimates are highly reliable, and comparison of manual and automated hippocampal and amygdala volume estimates revealed no discernible statistical difference (Fischl et al. 2002).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Image Processing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fischl et al. 2002
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conditions of collinearity were met for all multiple regression analyses described above using the following criteria: the correlations between any 2 simultaneous predictors must be less than 0.800 [CORR(x,y) < 0.800) (O'brien 2007).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Statistical Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites O'brien 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results demonstrate puberty-related maturation of the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortical gray matter that is not confounded by age, and is different for girls and boys”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: MRI-derived volume changes in the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortical gray matter reflect underlying maturational changes in these structures.
In the paper
“This method provides several advantages over salivary assays for gonadal steroids, and the correspondence of bloodspot-derived level and plasma level is high.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sexual Maturity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Worthman and Stallings 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another potential cellular mechanism of the observed sex differences is that boys and girls differ in the soma sizes of neurons with gonadal steroid hormone receptors within the amygdala.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Romeo and Sisk 2001
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The age range of male and female participants, which varies across studies, undoubtedly affects conclusions that can be drawn by comparing findings.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In rats, it has been found that more new cells are added to the amygdala in males than in females during puberty and that reducing endogenous levels of pubertal hormones via gonadectomy reduces the number of new cells created (Ahmed et al. 2008).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ahmed et al. 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The results presented here, and those of prior studies (Neufang et al. 2008), further support the notion that the impact of rising pubertal hormones on brain structure may vary depending on the sex of the individual and the state of brain maturation at the time the hormones are introduced.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Neufang et al. 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, as we state above, the offsets between maturation of cortical and limbic structures, or right and left hemispheres, may differ by gender, even in puberty-matched populations.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Previous studies have shown that right frontal cortical thinning occurs prior to left frontal cortical thinning in children 5--11 years of age (Sowell et al. 2001).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sowell et al. 2001 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both may be due to pubertal hormones causing an increase in MTL size when adolescents are young and a decrease in size when adolescents are older.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thinner cortex in frontal and parietal cortices has been linked to more mature brain activation patterns in children and adolescents (Lu et al. 2007).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lu et al. 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, rates of depression in females increase sharply during adolescence, with evidence that pubertal hormones are stronger predictors than age (Angold et al. 1999).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Angold et al. 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, the incidence of depression and anxiety symptoms are much higher in girls than in boys starting in late childhood (Bailey et al. 2007;Van Oort et al. 2009)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bailey et al. 2007
- Not checked yetcites Van Oort et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This sexual dimorphism has been observed in the amygdala of rodents and has also been found to depend on TES levels (Romeo and Sisk 2001).”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Romeo and Sisk 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
MRI-derived volume changes in the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortical gray matter reflect underlying maturational changes in these structures.
“The cellular etiology of human brain maturational change is not well understood given the paucity of postmortem material in the childhood to adolescent age range.”
“Our results demonstrate puberty-related maturation of the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortical gray matter that is not confounded by age, and is different for girls and boys”
The paper relies on this without support.
Circulating testosterone level is a valid measure of pubertal status in both boys and girls.
“We focus on TES in our report of hormonal effects on brain maturation because TES was collected in both boys and girls.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Tanner staging (TS) is a valid measure of pubertal status.
“Experiment 1: pubertal status determined by TS”
The paper relies on this without support.
Circulating testosterone (TES) levels reflect brain-relevant pubertal hormone exposure.
“Experiment 2: pubertal status determined by TES”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cross-sectional differences in brain volume across pubertal stages reflect developmental changes (maturation) rather than cohort effects.
“Future longitudinal studies will be ideal in parsing hormonal or other age-related influences on changes in the trajectories of gray matter volumes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Age is an adequate covariate to dissociate pubertal from age-related effects.
“All these effects were significant even when age was used as an additional predictor”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“When controlling for age, both pubertal hormones and stage of puberty correlate with changes in gray matter across adolescent development in disparate regions of cortex (De Bellis et al., 2001), including in the frontal cortex (Bramen et al., 2011; Gogtay et al., 2004; Herting et al., 2014; Herting et al., 2015; Koolschijn et al., 2014; Neufang et al., 2009; Peper et al., 2009a; Raznahan et al., 2”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as Bramen et al., 2011
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = 1.82reported p = .034 · recomputed p = .069
“(z = 1.82,p = .034”
The paper states a one-tailed test
- Consistentz = 1.55reported p = .06 · recomputed p = .121
“(z = 1.55,p = .060”
The paper states a one-tailed test
- Consistentz = 1.61reported p = .053 · recomputed p = .107
“(z = 1.61,p = .053”
The paper states a one-tailed test
- Consistentz = -2.6reported p = .005 · recomputed p = .009
“(z = -2.60,p = .005”
The paper states a one-tailed test
- Consistentz = -2.88reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .004
“z = -2.88,p = .002”
The paper states a one-tailed test
- Consistentz = 2.51reported p = .006 · recomputed p = .012
“(z = 2.51, p = .006”
The paper states a one-tailed test
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Girls
“Advanced physical sexual maturity significantly predicted declining volume bilaterally in the amygdala (right: b = -0.363,P = 0.018; left: b = -0.090,P = 0.568)”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Regional Gray Matter Volumes and Physical Sexual Maturity in Girls
“left: b = -0.090,P = 0.568”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
“Significant interactions of sex with physical sexual maturity for the right hippocampus were driven by nonsignificant volume increases with increased sexual maturity in boys, and significant volume decreases with increased sexual maturity in girls, independent of age.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
“R hippocampus | À0.270 | 0.087 | 0.058 | 0.709”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Sex Differences in the Effects of Puberty (TS and Circulating TES) on Gray Matter Volumes
“In these regions, volume reductions were observed in girls at earlier than at later pubertal stages, whereas no differences were observed in the boys.”
§ Puberty Influences Medial Temporal Lobe and Cortical Gray Matter Maturation Differently in Boys Than Girls Matched for Sexual Maturity > Discussion
“Girls in earlier stages of puberty had larger gray matter volumes in the right and left cortex than girls of the same age in later stages of puberty.”
Citations
Cites
Desikan, R. S., Ségonne, F., Fischl, B., Quinn, B. T., Dickerson, B. C., Blacker, D., Buckner, R. L., Dale, A. M., Maguire, R. P., Hyman, B. T., et al. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021 · Cited by 13,324
A Caution Regarding Rules of Thumb for Variance Inflation Factors
O’brien, R. M. (2007) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-006-9018-6 · Cited by 11,217
Cortical Surface-Based Analysis
Dale, A. M., Fischl, B., & Sereno, M. I. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0395 · Cited by 10,910
Fischl, B., Salat, D. H., Busa, E., Albert, M., Dieterich, M., Haselgrove, C., van der Kouwe, A., Killiany, R., Kennedy, D., Klaveness, S., et al. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00569-x · Cited by 8,610
Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients.
McGraw, K. O., & Wong, S. P. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.1.30 · Cited by 6,903
Cortical Surface-Based Analysis
Fischl, B., Sereno, M. I., & Dale, A. M. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0396 · Cited by 6,147
Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
Automatically Parcellating the Human Cerebral Cortex
Fischl, B. R. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhg087 · Cited by 4,208
Cognitive and affective development in adolescence
Steinberg, L. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005 · Cited by 2,978
Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition
Blakemore, S., & Choudhury, S. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01611.x · Cited by 2,328
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- 2009, 30, 1
- 2006, 138, 997
- 2006, STAT COMPUT GRAPHICS, 17, 11
- 2009, FRONT NEUROINFORMAT, 3, 22
- 2002, 33, 341
- 2009, 34, 332
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Imaging brain development: The adolescent brain
Blakemore, S.-J. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.080 · Cited by 649
The influence of puberty on subcortical brain development
Goddings, A., Mills, K. L., CLASEN, L. S., Giedd, J. N., Viner, R., & Blakemore, S. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.073 · Cited by 572
Sex differences in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease
Li, R., & Singh, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.01.002 · Cited by 527
Gur, R. C., Richard, J., Calkins, M. E., Chiavacci, R., Hansen, J. A., Bilker, W. B., Loughead, J., Connolly, J. J., Qiu, H., Mentch, F. D., et al. (2012) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0026712 · Cited by 507
Developmental changes in the structure of the social brain in late childhood and adolescence
Mills, K. L., Lalonde, F., Clasen, L. S., Giedd, J. N., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss113 · Cited by 452
Metadata
- Authors
- Bramen, J. E., Hranilovich, J. A., Dahl, R. E., Forbes, E. E., Chen, J., Toga, A. W., Dinov, I. D., Worthman, C. M., & Sowell, E. R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Emory University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-08-16
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 636-646
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC3041011
- OpenAlex
- W2169286936
- Semantic Scholar
- 38f422c22d6af3848629975eef9f94899a178353
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 24.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA018910, R01 DA 017831)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, U54RR021813)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD053893)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- puberty, brain maturation, sex differences, medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, cortical gray matter, sexual maturity, testosterone, thalamus, caudate nucleus, adolescent brain development, sexual dimorphism
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Puberty, Sex Characteristics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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