Age group and sex differences in performance on a computerized neurocognitive battery in children age 8−21.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Examine age group effects and sex differences by applying a comprehensive computerized battery of identical behavioral measures linked to brain systems in youths that were already genotyped. Such information is needed to incorporate behavioral data as neuropsychological "biomarkers" in large-scale genomic studies. METHOD: We developed and applied a brief computerized neurocognitive battery that provides measures of performance accuracy and response time for executive-control, episodic memory, complex cognition, social cognition, and sensorimotor speed domains. We tested a population-based sample of 3,500 genotyped youths ages 8-21 years. RESULTS: Substantial improvement with age occurred for both accuracy and speed, but the rates varied by domain. The most pronounced improvement was noted in executive control functions, specifically attention, and in motor speed, with some effect sizes exceeding 1.8 standard deviation units. The least pronounced age group effect was in memory, where only face memory showed a large effect size on improved accuracy. Sex differences had much smaller effect sizes but were evident, with females outperforming males on attention, word and face memory, reasoning speed, and all social cognition tests and males outperforming females in spatial processing and sensorimotor and motor speed. These sex differences in most domains were seen already at the youngest age groups, and age group × sex interactions indicated divergence at the oldest groups with females becoming faster but less accurate than males. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that cognitive performance improves substantially in this age span, with large effect sizes that differ by domain. The more pronounced improvement for executive and reasoning domains than for memory suggests that memory capacities have reached their apex before age 8. Performance was sexually modulated and most sex differences were apparent by early adolescence.
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Only recently sizeable multimodal normative brain developmental data have become available, with large prospective studies ongoing in Rotterdam, San Diego and Philadelphia.
“The tools that we have for measuring brain functioning and connectivity are growing, but only recently sizeable multimodal normative brain developmental data have become available, with large prospective studies ongoing in Rotterdam (68), San Diego (69) and Philadelphia (70).”
From Pediatric psychopharmacology: Too much or too little? (2013) · cites this paper as [69]
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- Authors
- Gur, R. C., Richard, J., Calkins, M. E., Chiavacci, R., Hansen, J. A., Bilker, W. B., Loughead, J., Connolly, J. J., Qiu, H., Mentch, F. D., Abou-Sleiman, P. M., Hakonarson, H., & Gur, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuropsychology
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 251-265
- ISSN
- 0894-4105 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1559
- PMC
- PMC3295891
- OpenAlex
- W2069724292
- Cited by
- 507
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 39.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Health (RC2 Grants MH089983, MH089924, RO1 Grants MH084856, MH060722)
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- age differences, sex differences, executive function, episodic memory, social cognition, reaction time (psychology), accuracy, face memory, spatial processing, adolescence, cognitive development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Attention, Child, Child Development, Cognition, Computers, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Sex Factors, Young Adult, Executive Function, Memory, Episodic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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