Developmental changes in the structure of the social brain in late childhood and adolescence
Open accessAbstract
Social cognition provides humans with the necessary skills to understand and interact with one another. One aspect of social cognition, mentalizing, is associated with a network of brain regions often referred to as the 'social brain.' These consist of medial prefrontal cortex [medial Brodmann Area 10 (mBA10)], temporoparietal junction (TPJ), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and anterior temporal cortex (ATC). How these specific regions develop structurally across late childhood and adolescence is not well established. This study examined the structural developmental trajectories of social brain regions in the longest ongoing longitudinal neuroimaging study of human brain maturation. Structural trajectories of grey matter volume, cortical thickness and surface area were analyzed using surface-based cortical reconstruction software and mixed modeling in a longitudinal sample of 288 participants (ages 7-30 years, 857 total scans). Grey matter volume and cortical thickness in mBA10, TPJ and pSTS decreased from childhood into the early twenties. The ATC increased in grey matter volume until adolescence and in cortical thickness until early adulthood. Surface area for each region followed a cubic trajectory, peaking in early or pre-adolescence before decreasing into the early twenties. These results are discussed in the context of developmental changes in social cognition across adolescence.
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Substantial brain changes occur during adolescence and early adulthood.
“the brain undergoes significant changes through adolescence and early adulthood (Blakemore & Mills, 2014; Mills, Lalonde, CLasen, Giedd, & Blakemore, 2014; Pinto, Hornby, Jones, & Murphy, 2010; Shafee, Buckner, & Fischl, 2015; Tamnes et al., 2010).”
From A critical period for second language acquisition: Evidence from 2/3 million English speakers (2018) · cites this paper as Mills et al., 2014
The structure of the social brain develops substantially throughout adolescence.
“As with most regions within the human cortex, the structure of the social brain develops substantially throughout adolescence.19”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
Concepts of social identity, theory of mind, and reciprocity develop in adolescent peer connections.
“Concepts of social identity, theory of mind, and reciprocity—essential components of healthy relationships—develop in adolescent peer connections [6,13–15].”
From “I Hate This”: A Qualitative Analysis of Adolescents' Self-Reported Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Structural neuroimaging suggests that medial and lateral prefrontal regions may exhibit different developmental trajectories and thus attain adult-levels of maturity at different ages.
“structural neuroimaging suggests that medial and lateral prefrontal regions may exhibit different developmental trajectories and thus attain adult-levels of maturity at different ages (Mills et al., 2014; Shaw et al., 2008; Tamnes et al., 2010).”
From Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies (2017) · cites this paper as Mills et al., 2014
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Navigating the Social Environment in Adolescence: The Role of Social Brain Development
Andrews, J. L., Ahmed, S. P., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.012 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Self-citationAvoiding Social Risk in Adolescence
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Self-citationBrain development and aging: Overlapping and unique patterns of change
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Self and Others in Adolescence
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“While ventrolateral PFC and associated adaptive emotion regulatory capacities also show protracted development during this time (Crone and Ridderinkhof, 2011), structural neuroimaging suggests that medial and lateral prefrontal regions may exhibit different developmental trajectories and thus attain adult-levels of ma…”
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Life stress in adolescence predicts early adult reward-related brain function and alcohol dependence
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Mentalizing strategies for navigating the social world in adolescence
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- Authors
- Mills, K. L., Lalonde, F., Clasen, L. S., Giedd, J. N., & Blakemore, S.-J.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-11-17
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 123-131
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC3871734
- OpenAlex
- W2130046029
- Cited by
- 452
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 9.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- social brain, mentalization, social cognition, brain maturation, medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, posterior superior temporal sulcus, anterior temporal cortex, gray matter volume, cortical thickness, cortical surface area, developmental trajectories, adolescence, late childhood, longitudinal neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Sex Characteristics, Social Behavior, Young Adult
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