Cyberbullying on social media: Definitions, prevalence, and impact challenges
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Cyberbullying on social media is a significant public health concern. This paper systematically reviews the existing literature on cyberbullying to provide a clearer understanding of how it is defined and reported in terms of prevalence and impact. Utilizing the PRISMA search strategy, we examined 71 papers published from 2007 to 2022, offering a comprehensive synthesis of the field’s current understanding. Our findings highlight notable inconsistencies in the definition of cyberbullying across studies, underlining a critical need for a standardized conceptual framework. Additionally, while cyberbullying is shown to be highly prevalent among personalities exhibiting traits of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism, our review identifies a crucial research gap: the underexploration of cyberbullying among adult populations. This review synthesizes the breadth of research on cyberbullying and highlights gaps in the existing literature. We have included our proposed standardized definition of cyberbullying.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Existing measurement tools mirror conceptual ambiguities, contributing to variability in reported prevalence rates.
“As at present, existing measurement tools mirror these conceptual ambiguities, contributing to variability in reported prevalence rates (45, 47, 50).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
Several reviews have identified substantial issues concerning variations in prevalence rates.
“Furthermore, several reviews have identified substantial issues concerning variations in prevalence rates (44, 45, 47–50).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
Cites
The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003583 · Cited by 5,148 · see citing works
Keles, B., McCrae, N., & Grealish, A. (2020) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851 · Cited by 1,909 · see citing works
School Bullying: Development and Some Important Challenges
Olweus, D. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516 · Cited by 1,406 · see citing works
The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention
Slonje, R., Smith, P. K., & Frisén, A. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024 · Cited by 940 · see citing works
Teenagers, screens and social media: a narrative review of reviews and key studies
Orben, A. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01825-4 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Marino, C., Gini, G., Vieno, A., & Spada, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.007 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health
Nixon, C. (2014) · Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics · doi:10.2147/ahmt.s36456 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
What is bullying? A theoretical redefinition
Volk, A. A., Dane, A. V., & Marini, Z. A. (2014) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2014.09.001 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Cyberbullying: Review of an Old Problem Gone Viral
Aboujaoude, E., Savage, M. W., Starcevic, V., & Salame, W. O. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.011 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Del Rey, R. (2015) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.10.001 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Measuring cyberbullying: Implications for research
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2015) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.013 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Some Problems with Cyberbullying Research
Olweus, D., & Limber, S. P. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.012 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Daine, K., Hawton, K. E., Singaravelu, V., Stewart, A., Simkin, S., & Montgomery, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077555 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Bastiaensens, S., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K., Cleemput, K. V., DeSmet, A., & Bourdeaudhuij, I. D. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.036 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Social media and suicide prevention: a systematic review
Robinson, J., Cox, G., Bailey, E., Hetrick, S., Rodrigues, M., Fisher, S., & Herrman, H. (2016) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12229 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Social media and depression symptoms: a meta-analysis
Cunningham, S., Hudson, C. C., & Harkness, K. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00715-7 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Cyberbullying via social media and well-being
Giumetti, G. W., & Kowalski, R. M. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101314 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Cyberbullying in higher education: A literature review
Watts, L., Wagner, J., Velasquez, B. J., & Behrens, P. I. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.038 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Social media, internet use and suicide attempts in adolescents
Sedgwick, R., Epstein, S., Dutta, R., & Ougrin, D. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000547 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Twenge, J. (2020) · Psychiatric Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1176/appi.prcp.20190015 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
A systematic review and content analysis of bullying and cyber-bullying measurement strategies
Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Martell, B. N., Holland, K. M., & Westby, R. P. (2014) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2014.06.008 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Cyberbullying assessment instruments: A systematic review
Berne, S., Frisén, A., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Naruskov, K., Luik, P., Katzer, C., Erentaite, R., & Zukauskiene, R. (2013) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.11.022 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Cyberbullying on social media platforms among university students in the United Arab Emirates
Abaido, G. M. (2019) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2019.1669059 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Cyberbullying on social networking sites: A literature review and future research directions
Chan, T. K. H., Cheung, C. M. K., & Lee, Z. W. Y. (2020) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2020.103411 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Scientific research on bullying and cyberbullying: Where have we been and where are we going
Zych, I., Ruiz, R. O., & Rey, R. D. (2015) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.015 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Cyberbullying myths and realities
Sabella, R. A., Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.040 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Cyberbullying: A Review of the Literature
E. Notar, C., Padgett, S., & Roden, J. (2013) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2013.010101 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Social media usage and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence: a review
Cataldo, I., Lepri, B., Neoh, M. J. Y., & Esposito, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.508595 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Social Media Use and Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Nesi, J., Burke, T. A., Bettis, A. H., Kudinova, A. Y., Thompson, E. C., MacPherson, H. A., Fox, K. A., Lawrence, H. R., Thomas, S. A., Wolff, J. C., et al. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102038 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
An international systematic review of cyberbullying measurements
Chun, J., Lee, J., Kim, J., & Lee, S. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106485 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Longobardi, C., Settanni, M., Fabris, M. A., & Marengo, D. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104955 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Gahagan, K., Vaterlaus, J. M., & Frost, L. R. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.019 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The process of coping with cyberbullying: A systematic review
Raskauskas, J., & Huynh, A. (2015) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.019 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Cyberbullying in social networking sites: An adolescent victim’s perspective
Dredge, R., Gleeson, J., & de la Piedad Garcia, X. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.026 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Peluchette, J. V., Karl, K. A., Wood, C., & Williams, J. S. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.028 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Cyberbullying victimization at work: Social media identity bubble approach
Oksanen, A., Oksa, R., Savela, N., Kaakinen, M., & Ellonen, N. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106363 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Moral disengagement and cyberbullying involvement: A systematic review
Cricchio, M. G. L., García‐Poole, C., Brinke, L. T., Bianchi, D., & Menesini, E. (2020) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2020.1782186 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Scott, H., & Woods, H. C. (2019) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-019-00148-9 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Associations between social media and cyberbullying: a review of the literature
Garett, R., Lord, L. R., & Young, S. D. (2016) · mHealth · doi:10.21037/mhealth.2016.12.01 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
A review of cyberbullying and suggestions for online psychological therapy
Foody, M., Samara, M., & Carlbring, P. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.05.002 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Social responsibility on the Internet: Addressing the challenge of cyberbullying
Cohen-Almagor, R. (2018) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2018.01.001 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Cyberbullying and the law: A review of psychological and legal challenges
Asam, A. E., & Samara, M. M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.012 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Comparing cyberbullying perpetration on social media between primary and secondary school students
Ho, S. S., Chen, L., & Ng, A. P. Y. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2017.02.004 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Cyberbullying a modern form of bullying: let’s talk about this health and social problem
Ferrara, P., Ianniello, F., Villani, A., & Corsello, G. (2018) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-018-0446-4 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Menin, D., Guarini, A., Mameli, C., Skrzypiec, G., & Brighi, A. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100221 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Schultze‐Krumbholz, A., Hess, M., Pfetsch, J. S., & Scheithauer, H. (2018) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2018-4-2 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
A Meta-Analytic Review of Moral Disengagement and Cyberbullying
Zhao, L., & Yu, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.681299 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cao, B., & Lin, W. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.009 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
You, L., & Lee, Y.-H. (2019) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2019.101284 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
An Overview of Cyberbullying in Higher Education
Washington, E. T. (2014) · Adult Learning · doi:10.1177/1045159514558412 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Negative Experiences on Facebook and Depressive Symptoms Among Young Adults
Rosenthal, S. R., Buka, S. L., Marshall, B. D. L., Carey, K. B., & Clark, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.023 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Barlett, C. P., DeWitt, C. C., Maronna, B., & Johnson, K. (2018) · Violence and Gender · doi:10.1089/vio.2017.0057 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Humour and (mock) aggression: Distinguishing cyberbullying from roasting
Dynel, M. (2021) · Language & Communication · doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2021.08.001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Dark Tetrad, cybervictimization, and cyberbullying: The role of moral disengagement
Gajda, A. N., Moroń, M., Królik, M., Małuch, M., & Mraczek, M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03456-6 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Schade, E. C., Voracek, M., & Tran, U. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.659282 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Dark social media participation and well-being
Quandt, T., Klapproth, J., & Frischlich, L. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.11.004 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Müller, C. R., Pfetsch, J. S., Schultze‐Krumbholz, A., & Ittel, A. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.007 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Bystander Roles in Cyberbullying: A Mini-Review of Who, How Many, and Why
Polanco-Levicán, K., & Salvo-Garrido, S. I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676787 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Dark tetrad of personality, cyberbullying, and cybertrolling among young adults
Alavi, M., Latif, A. B. A., Ramayah, T., & Tan, J. Y. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03892-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Analysis of cyberbullying tweets in trending world events
Cortis, K., & Handschuh, S. (2015) · International Conference on Knowledge Management and Knowledge Technologies · doi:10.1145/2809563.2809605 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The role of personality psychopathology in social network site behaviors
Boland, J. K., & Anderson, J. L. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109517 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Association of Cyberbullying and Internet Use Disorder
Floros, G. D., & Mylona, I. (2022) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-022-00440-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Li, W., & Peng, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.980669 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Anaraky, R. G., Freeman, G., Aragón, O. R., Knijnenburg, B. P., & Tallapragada, M. (2019) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/3311957.3359493 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
New Communication Technologies and the Emergence of Cyberbullying
Wilkins, J., Hoover, J. H., Miltenoff, P., & Downing, T. K. E. (2007) · The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences Annual Review · doi:10.18848/1833-1882/cgp/v02i03/52336 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Positive and negative behavioral analysis in social networks
Squicciarini, A., Rajtmajer, S. M., & Griffin, C. H. (2017) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.1203 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Factors Influencing Cyberbullying on Instagram Among University Students
Oladimeji, A., & Kyobe, M. E. (2021) · Conference on Information Communications Technology and Society (ICTAS) · doi:10.1109/ictas50802.2021.9394974 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gu, C., Liu, S., & Chen, S. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12110421 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Olckers, C., & Hattingh, M. J. (2022) · EPiC series in computing · doi:10.29007/qhl5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Consensus Analysis of Shared Beliefs Among Young Adults About Anonymity in Social Media
Allen, W. S., & Philips, A. (2018) · International Conference on Social Media and Society (SMSociety) · doi:10.1145/3217804.3217893 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lu, J.-Y., Li, S., Fan, T.-Q., Ni, X., Zhang, L., Chen, H., Chen, X.-L., Tang, H.-J., Ye, Y.-Y., Zhou, J.-S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/79858 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Countering bullying and cyberbullying using technology-based solutions: a systematic review
Serritella, E., Guazzini, A., & Menesini, E. (2025) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2025.102102 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Khapre, S., Mersha, M. A., Shakil, H., Baruah, J., & Kalita, J. K. (2025) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2025.129832 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kim, S., Ahn, S.-K., Yang, E. S., Kim, S., & Chung, I.-J. (2026) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2026.2647023 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Child and adolescent psychiatry: challenges, solutions, opportunities, and future directions
Cortese, S., Arango, C., Aymerich, C., Catalan, A., Chetouani, M., Cohen, D., Coghill, D., Gabellone, A., Iniesta, R., Kadan, A., et al. (2026) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.70044 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cyberbullying and Empathy Levels in Adolescents and Predictive Factors: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Günal, B. D., & Ayaz‐Alkaya, S. (2025) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.70016 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
AraBERT for Arabic cyberbullying detection in Facebook comments
Hithnawi, R. I., Hamarsheh, M. M. N., & Maree, M. (2025) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyaf030 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Measure of Online Disinhibition (MOD) in Chilean Adolescents
Polanco-Levicán, K., Gálvez-Nieto, J. L., & Norambuena-Paredes, I. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16030451 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cultura digital y percepciones del ciberacoso en estudiantes universitarios
Burbano, M. V. T., & García-Ramírez, E. M. (2025) · Prohominum · doi:10.47606/acven/ph0387 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Stereotypical framing of Pakistani women in YouTube’s visual and discursive modes
Tahir, A. M., & Qayyum, T. (2025) · Discover Global Society · doi:10.1007/s44282-025-00325-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sharma, S., & Shahnawaz, M. G. (2026) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941261423116 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
El‐Ashry, A. M., AlOtaibi, N. G., AlSaleh, N. S., Karim, N. A. H. A., Amin, S. M., Mohamed, H. A. A., Tawfik, A. F., Ali, A. S., Ibrahim, M. N., Ghoneam, M. A., et al. (2026) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2026.152091 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Momin, M. E., & Sarker, H. (2025) · International Conference on Next-Generation Computing, IoT and Machine Learning (NCIM) · doi:10.1109/ncim65934.2025.11159937 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smith, E. J., Rai, R., Scase, M. O., & Wilson, A. D. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1746672
“As at present, existing measurement tools mirror these conceptual ambiguities, contributing to variability in reported prevalence rates (45, 47, 50).”
Choi, H. H., Lee, E. B., Lee, J., Park, J., Lee, H., Lee, J., & Kim, J. (2025) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2025.2481960
Liu, X., Liao, Y., Feng, F., Tu, Y., Kang, X., Liu, M., & Han, N. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1826042
Investigation of teenager's psychological orientation towards cyberbullying: be a victim or offender
Pabla, L., Jain, P., Patel, P., & Shukla, S. (2025) · Expert systems with applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2025.129296 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tahir, A., Qayyum, T., Khalid, N., Rahim, A., Munir, M. A., & Riaz, A. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7246461/v1
Anttila, A., Friman, N., Juntunen, M.-R., Kanerva, J., Orava, K., Paananen, K., Penttinen, I., Poikolainen, S., Rajamäki, E., Saarinen, A., et al. (2025) · JYU Reports · doi:10.17011/jyureports/67
New Trends and Challenges in Academic Research on Adolescent Growth and Development
Gao, J., Ren, X., Hu, Y., Li, G., Yang, T., & Xiao, J. (2026) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-7000-3_20
Shah, A. S., Shah, S. A., Shah, A., Sharma, A., & Proulx, C. A. (2026) · medtigo Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.63096/medtigo3084326
Gender differential analysis of cyberbullying and emotional intelligence in university students
Aparisi, D., Delgado, B., Martínez, M. B., & Bo, R. M. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04662-8
Zhao, X., Xu, B., Wu, C., & Wang, D. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-026-01672-w
Social media use and mental health: core risks and clinical implications
Khan, N. (2026) · Clinics in Integrated Care · doi:10.1016/j.intcar.2026.100317 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chen, Q., Li, Y., & Chan, K. L. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.103708
Chinese Cyberbullying Detection Based on Hierarchical Multi-Committee Ensemble
Hou, Y., Liu, W., Wang, S., & Xiong, S. (2026) · Information · doi:10.3390/info17060565
AI Chat Bot Use in the Classroom Gone Wrong: Implications for Students, Teachers, and Schools
Martin, J. L., Lester, T., & Boles, E. (2026) · Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership · doi:10.1177/15554589261454660
Zhang, H., Chen, L., & Lee, J.-C. (2026) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-05-2025-0736
Afif, M. M., Noman, A. A., Jarif, K. A., Islam, M. E. A., Sathya Narayana Sharma, K., Rahman, M., Gomes, D., Tanvir, K., Rahaman, M. O., & Islam, S. M. S. (2026) · International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems · doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01441-6
He, J., Wang, B., Li, Y., & Jin, C. (2026) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70220
Umetani, R., Konishi, N., Homma, T., Kato, J., Mifune, N., & Yokoyama, T. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1748827
Kovalchuk, O., Melnychuk, O., Rozhylо, M., Terebus, O., & Yablonskyi, M. (2026) · Multidisciplinary Reviews · doi:10.31893/multirev.2026spe021
Pirzadeh, M., Azizi, M., Bastami, M., & Bansal, S. (2025) · International Journal of Psychology (IPA) · doi:10.66224/ijpb.19.2.87
Ugwudike, P., Roth, S., Lavorgna, A., & Djohari, N. (2026) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyag023
Santoso, D. C., Prabowo, A. B., & Chowanda, A. (2026) · International Conference on Advancement in Data Science, E-learning and Information System (ICADEIS) · doi:10.1109/icadeis71120.2026.11644533
Sarayra, D., & Al-Makhamreh, S. (2026) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-026-01184-5
Philipo, A. G., Ding, J., Sarwatt, D. S., & Ning, H. (2026) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2026.104820
Ardian, P. A., Sugiarto, K. C., William, L., Wibowo, F. V., & Hartono, S. (2026) · International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech) · doi:10.1109/icimtech202671078.2026.11698958
From victimhood to agency: women’s digital resilience journeys
Magadani, L., & Phahlane, M. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2026.1849427
- Authors
- Ray, G., McDermott, C. D., & Nicho, M.
- Affiliations
- Robert Gordon University (GB)
- Rabdan Academy (AE)
- Venue
- Journal of Cybersecurity
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2024
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2057-2085 (ISSN-L)
- 2057-2093
- OpenAlex
- W4405562863
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 13
- FWCI
- 18.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cybersecurity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Rabdan Academy Digital Repository (Rabdan Academy) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, social media, prevalence of cyberbullying, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
