Cyberbullying in social networking sites: An adolescent victim’s perspective
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There was little mention of power imbalance or repetition in discussions around defining cyberbullying, despite these being defining features for adolescents in previous research.
“There was little mention of power imbalance or repetition in discussions around defining cyberbullying, despite these being defining features for adolescents in previous research (54–57, 59).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
The disregard of power imbalance is congruent with previous research.
“In contrast, the disregard of power imbalance is congruent with previous research (55, 59).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Using interviews, adolescent cyberbullying victims identified defining features including victim impact, both deliberate and non-deliberate intent, repetition, use of technological medium, and publicity.
“Using interviews, adolescent cyberbullying victims identified several defining features including victim impact, both deliberate and non-deliberate intent, repetition (whether multiple incidents or a single occurrence), use of technological medium, and publicity (59).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Power imbalance was absent from adolescent victims' definitions of cyberbullying, despite its prominence in traditional bullying definitions.
“Importantly, power imbalance was absent from these definitions, despite its prominence in traditional bullying definitions.”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
When discussing definitions of cyberbullying, participants heavily focused on the target's perspective, for example, if they were affected and determined intention based on whether the perpetrator continued after being told to stop, with very little mention of the perpetrator's actions.
“When discussing definitions of cyberbullying, this was heavily focused on the target’s perspective. For example, if they were affected (41, 57, 59) and determined intention based on whether the perpetrator continued after being told to stop (8), with very little mention of the perpetrator’s actions.”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
All focus groups centered discussions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression within the context of social media.
“All focus groups centered discussions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression within the context of SM, echoing previous research stating that SM provides ample opportunities for cyber-based aggressions (59) and empowers perpetrators (94).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
Social media provides ample opportunities for cyber-based aggressions and empowers perpetrators.
“echoing previous research stating that SM provides ample opportunities for cyber-based aggressions (59) and empowers perpetrators (94).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [59]
The psychological and emotional consequences of cyberbullying represent the largest problem for the victim.
“the psychological and emotional consequences of cyberbullying represent the largest problem for the victim (Dredge et al., 2014;Jang et al., 2014).”
From A review of cyberbullying and suggestions for online psychological therapy (2015) · cites this paper as Dredge et al., 2014
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“Indeed, the psychological and emotional consequences of cyberbullying represent the largest problem for the victim (Dredge et al., 2014; Jang et al., 2014).”
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“46 These events can be in any form such as cyber bullying, 47,48 terrorist attack planning, 49 embezzlement, 50 dissemination of fraud news, 51 fake accounts to create artificial numbers on pages, 52,53 and political manipulation.”
BackgroundDefining Cyberbullying: a Multifaceted Definition Based on the Perspectives of Emerging Adults
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“^ This finding coincides with previous qualitative studies where participants reported that the target’s interpretation of the incident is the deciding factor in establishing cyberbullying (Baldasare et al. 2012; Dredge et al. 2014).”
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“In recent years, there has been a proliferation of works addressing how adolescents perceive cyberbullying (Menesini et al., 2012; Dredge et al., 2014; Correa and López, 2018; Midamba and Moreno, 2019).”
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“Regarding the sites of cyberbullying, similar to Western societies [28, 29], cyberbullying predominantly occurs through SNSs.”
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“noted the detrimental effects of cyberbullying on the social and emotional lives of targets, with the severity of the impact of the harassment depending on different factors, including the anonymity of the perpetrators and the presence of bystanders [17].”
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“Attackers attempt to harm and disempower their victims using electronic communication (Dredge et al., 2014a; Ioannou et al., 2018).”
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“Internalized suffering is experienced by cyber-victims, including depression, anxiety and low self-esteem, insecurity, suicidal thoughts, loneliness, low school success, drug addiction, somatic symptoms, and low self-confidence [131,132].”
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“Cybervictimization has also been associated with life satisfaction [14].”
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“Also, trialling out the ideal self or a noticeably false self can expose children to ridicule from peers whomay identify the inauthenticity (Dredge et al., 2014).”
BackgroundYou Don't Know How I Feel: Insider-Outsider Perspective Gaps in Cyberbullying Risk Detection
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“…the definition of cyberbullying since the concept of a power imbalance is difficult to identify in a virtual space compared to a traditional bullying setting where a bully has superior strength or there are a large number of bullies (Dredge et al., 2014; Höher et al., 2014; Nocentini et al., 2010).”
BackgroundFEAR OF THE AGE: NOMOPHOBIA (NO-MOBILE-PHONE)
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“…Choi et al., 2012), Consistency of concentration due to the desire to control the mobile phone (AlKhlaiwi and Meo, 2004), Meeting the wrong people through comfortable communication with everyone and causing people to be attracted to unhealthy and illegal environments (Dredge et al., 2014: 13-20).”
BackgroundPeer experiences via social media
Nesi, J. L., Dredge, R., Maheux, A. J., Roberts, S. R., Fox, K. A., & Choukas‐Bradley, S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00046-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Detecting Cyber Bullying on Twitter using Support Vector Machine
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“For example, a financial analyst may be required to make an estimate of the value of a company based on a variety of factors, such as its value, the performance of similar stocks in the past, and an index of macroeconomic factors [6].”
BackgroundEnhancing Cyber Bullying Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network
Dedeepya, P., Karishma, D., Manuri, S. G., Raghuvaran, T., Shariff, V., & Sindhura, S. (2023) · International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC) · doi:10.1109/icosec58147.2023.10276007 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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“However, Dredge et al. (2014) found that very few Australian adolescents take intention to harm and imbalance of power to be essential components in the definition of cyberbullying.”
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“The SNEQ does this by enabling respondents to endorse a broad range of impacts that were formulated based on interviews with a different sample from the same population (Dredge et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultSanal Zorbalıkla Baş Etme Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
KOÇ, M., Horzum, M. B., Ayas, T., Aydın, F., Özbay, A., Uğur, E., & ÇOLAK, S. (2016) · Sakarya University Journal of Education · doi:10.19126/suje.281376 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Empathy and gender effects on cyber-violence among Croatian youth
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“Nevertheless, Dredge et al. (2014) pointed that scholars, in their attempts to define cyberbullying, focused more on the perpetrators than on the victims.”
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“…consent with the motive of committing fraud or financial theft) [9], cyberbullying (harassing, humiliating, or threatening another through the internet) [10], sexual exploitation (using someone’s sexuality for personal or financial gain, often through coercion or manipulation), and many other crimes.”
BackgroundParents' perception of cyberbullying of their children in Saudi Arabia
Alghamdi, A., Alfakeh, S. A., Kouzaba, K. A., Altaifi, M., Abu-Alamah, S., & Salamah, M. (2021) · Journal of Family and Community Medicine · doi:10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_516_20 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“” A previous qualitative study supports the evidence of psychological harm of cyberbullying on children, and it indicated that 68% of the victims reported experiencing all emotional, social, and behavioral effects.[28]”
BackgroundThe challenges of internal social networking for higher education: a brief review of the literature
Kazemian, S., & Grant, S. (2020) · Journal of Data Information and Management · doi:10.1007/s42488-020-00028-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mascia, M. L., Agus, M., Zanetti, M. A., Perrone, S., Rollo, D., & Penna, M. P. (2021) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cedtech/10888 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Therefore, in cyberbullying, the relationship between the bully and the victim takes on dynamics that in some way differ from face-to-face bullying (Dredge et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAn introduction to cyberbullying
Macaulay, P. J. R., Betts, L. R., Stiller, J., & Këllezi, B. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90570-1.00002-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Using young peoples’ lived experiences to explore definitional characteristics for cyberbullying
Hawkins, C. (2023) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643944.2023.2254779 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Dredge et al. (2014) suggested definitional components should be considered from the victim’s perspective as well as through the perpetrator’s actions.”
InfluentialA study of cyberstander reactions under community-related influence: When gender complicates matters
Stanciu, D., & Chiș, A. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106589 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cyber-victimization and Its Impact on Victim’s Psychosomatic Status
Makarova, E. A., & Makarova, E. L. (2023) · International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science Engineering and Education · doi:10.23947/2334-8496-2023-11-2-231-245 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Altundağ, Y., & Ayas, T. (2020) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2020.8350 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Family eJournal: benefits of online guided group journaling for women
Asbury, E. T., Casey, J., & Desai, K. (2018) · Journal of Public Mental Health · doi:10.1108/jpmh-01-2018-0008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sahana, E. A. (2023) · International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication · doi:10.17762/ijritcc.v11i10.8505 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Chasing Offensive Conduct in Social Networks
Ros, S. P., Canelles, Á. P., Pérez, M. G., Mármol, F. G., & Pérez, G. M. (2015) · ACM Transactions on Internet Technology · doi:10.1145/2797139 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…sensitive private information, for example, pictures or videos, or due to ill-intentioned users abusing the system to commit illicit activities such as cyber-bullying [Subramanian 2014; Dredge et al. 2014; Van Royen et al. 2015], harassment [Jones et al. 2012] or extortion, to name just a few.”
BackgroundSurvey of Cyber Violence Against Women in MalawiPreprint
Malanga, D. F. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2108.09806 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Although cyber violence can affect both men and women, women experience different and more traumatic forms of cyber violence (Frisen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSoares, S., Brochado, S., Barros, H., & Fraga, S. J. D. S. (2017) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-15-00139 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cyberbullying and Internet Safety
Kelly, D. M., & Arnold, C. (2015) · Advances in media, entertainment and the arts (AMEA) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8310-5.ch021 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kim, D. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14095220 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Peer Experiences via Social MediaPreprint
Nesi, J. L., Dredge, R., Maheux, A. J., Roberts, S. R., Fox, K. A., & Choukas‐Bradley, S. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/s8mru · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Espino, E., Monks, C. P., Casas, J. A., & Rey, R. D. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02982-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“But not all cybervictims suffer the same type of emotional effects, nor with the same intensity (Dredge et al., 2014; Elipe et al., 2015).”
Baltzidis, E. (2024) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.21071/pse.v16i3.16997 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Media reporting of cyberbullying
Yang, L. F. (2020) · Journal of Asian Pacific Communication · doi:10.1075/japc.00053.yan · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bullying and Cyberbullying: Conceptual Controversy in Brazil
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Ikeya, T., & Aida, M. (2021) · Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/cpe.6619 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“the fundamental equation (2) is expressed by the following one equation:”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Perspective of School-Age Adolescents on Cyberbullying in Türkiye: A Qualitative Study
Doğan, T., Erbiçer, E. S., Akın, E., Koçtürk, N., Koca, D. B., Boranlı, E. N., & Metin, A. (2023) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-023-10072-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Some researchers stated that the main criterion for a behavior to be considered cyberbul-lying is not the intention or whether it is repeated but the negative effects of the behavior on individuals (Dredge et al., 2014; Olweus & Limber, 2018).”
BackgroundAntelo, I. F., & Gordillo, I. C. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518772108 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“However, Dredge et al. (2014) found that very few Australian adolescents take intention to harm and imbalance of power to be essential components in the definition of cyberbullying.”
InfluentialCombating Cyber Victimisation: Cybercrime Prevention
Al-Ali, A. A. H., Nimrat, A., & Benzaïd, C. (2018) · Advanced sciences and technologies for security applications · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97181-0_16 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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“In line with these results, Dredge et al. (2014) argue that adolescents relativize this criterion because many of them know, or have reasonable suspicions about, the identity of the aggressors.”
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MEDIA LITERACY, FACT-CHECKING, AND CYBERBULLYING: INFORMATION VERIFICATION METHODS
KARANFİLOĞLU, M., & SAĞLAM, M. (2023) · Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi · doi:10.19145/e-gifder.1189656 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Relation Between Social Media, Cyberbullying and Depression
Chen, Y. (2023) · Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media · doi:10.54254/2753-7048/29/20231517 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Online Violence Against Female Students at a Private University in Malawi
Malanga, D. F. (2022) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9187-1.ch019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Arabshahi, F., Fakhri, A., Serami, M., Ketabi, M., Golestaneh, Z., Akbari, H., & Asadollahezare, M. (2017) · International Journal of School Health · doi:10.5812/intjsh.59607 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Moblile-centered and web-based social networks threaten users while accessing their user accounts (9).”
BackgroundLiu, S., Zhou, M., & Li, Y. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.021 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
PERCEPCIJA NASILJA PREKO INTERNETA IZ PERSPEKTIVE UČENIKA I NASTAVNIKA
Milić, M. (2020) · Annual of Social Work · doi:10.3935/ljsr.v27i1.335 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adolescent Perceptions of the Risks and Benefits of Social Networking Site Use
Hayes, B., James, A. I., Barn, R., & Watling, D. (2022) · International Journal of Cyber Behavior Psychology and Learning · doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.306646 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
de Souza, S. B., Fernandez, E. M. C., da Costa, E. S. P., Berkenbrock-Rosito, M. M., & Lima, M. D. C. S. (2022) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.11433 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, H.-Y., Wang, Y., & Liu, W. (2023) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2023.2255235 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In the process of using the Internet, high school students have di ff erent risk situations from general tasks, such as internet addiction (Surís et al., 2014), internet bullying (Dredge et al., 2014) and internet use barriers (Geisel et al., 2013).”
Guo, X.-Y., Jin, J.-H., & Yan, X.-B. (2025) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-11-2023-1086 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Semantic Image Analysis on Social Networks and Data Processing: Review and Future Directions
Alzboon, M. S., Alqaraleh, M. K., Aljarrah, E. M., & Alomari, S. A. (2022) · Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9016-4.ch009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
ASPECT AND SPECIAL DISTINCT NATURE OF CYBER BULLYING
Alomar, A. M. (2023) · Russian Law Journal · doi:10.52783/rlj.v11i3.1817 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nadhiroh, A. M. (2023) · Gaceta Médica de Caracas · doi:10.47307/gmc.2023.131.s4.14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Collisions and Perceptions of Cyberbullying: Comparison of Intergenerational Experiences
Солдатова, Г., Чигарькова, С. В., & Rasskazova, E. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21091148 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Moreover, based on the results of a meta-analysis, social support and connecting with other people act as key protective factors in suicidal behavior, which is the most serious risk for victims of cyberbullying [91].”
BackgroundUnraveling the Adverse Effects of Social Media on Teenagers: Current and Future Research Directions
Bhardwaj, S., Chopra, R., Donthu, N., & Choudhary, P. (2024) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1177/10949968241288483 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dredge, R., Gleeson, J., & de la Piedad Garcia, X.
- Affiliations
- Australian Catholic University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Dredge, Rebecca
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 36
- Pages
- 13-20
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2026085022
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 13.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, social networking sites, child victims, victim perspective, emotional impact, social impact, behavioral effects, online harassment, cyberbullying intervention
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