Centella asiatica (L.) Leaf Extract Treatment during the Growth Spurt Period Enhances Hippocampal CA3 Neuronal Dendritic Arborization in Rats
Open accessAbstract
Centella asiatica (CeA) is a creeping plant growing in damp places in India and other Asian countries. The leaves of CeA are used for memory enhancement in the Ayurvedic system of medicine, an alternative system of medicine in India. In this study, we have investigated the effect during the rat growth spurt period of CeA fresh leaf extract treatment on the dendritic morphology of hippocampal CA3 neurons, one of the regions of the brain concerned with learning and memory. Neonatal rat pups (7 days old) were fed with 2, 4 or 6 ml kg−1 body weight of fresh leaf extract of CeA for 2, 4 or 6 weeks. After the treatment period the rats were killed, their brains were removed and the hippocampal neurons were impregnated with silver nitrate (Golgi staining). Hippocampal CA3 neurons were traced using a camera lucida, and dendritic branching points (a measure of dendritic arborization) and intersections (a measure of dendritic length) were quantified. These data were compared with data for age‐matched control rats. The results showed a significant increase in the dendritic length (intersections) and dendritic branching points along the length of both apical and basal dendrites in rats treated with 4 and 6 ml kg−1 body weight per day of CeA for longer periods of time (i.e. 4 and 6 weeks). We conclude that the constituents/active principles present in CeA fresh leaf extract have a neuronal dendritic growth stimulating property; hence, the extract can be used for enhancing neuronal dendrites in stress and neurodegenerative and memory disorders.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Fresh *Centella asiatica* leaf extract given to neonatal rats during the growth spurt period increased dendritic arborization of hippocampal CA3 neurons, especially at 4 and 6 ml kg−1 for 4 and 6 weeks. No significant changes were seen after 2 weeks of treatment or with 2 ml kg−1 in most apical measures.
Key findings
- After 6 weeks, 4 and 6 ml kg−1 CeA increased apical dendritic intersections at the 80 μm circle (77.07% and 112.62%) and 100 μm circle (137.0% and 151.62%) versus controls; basal intersections increased at 60 μm (53.16%, 111.86%, 108.06%) and 80 μm (79.26%, 169.54%, 190.72%) for the 2, 4 and 6 ml kg−1 groups, respectively.
- After 4 weeks, 4 and 6 ml kg−1 CeA increased apical intersections at 80 μm (35.16% and 66.33%) and 100 μm (77.47% and 78.82%); basal intersections increased at 60 μm (67.75% and 101.09%) and 80 μm (161.20% and 133.01%).
- Dendritic branching points after 6 weeks increased in apical fourth zone by 104.09% (4 ml kg−1) and 120.49% (6 ml kg−1), and fifth zone by 219.31% and 192.04%; basal third zone increased by 151.82%, 213.14% and 247.44% for 2, 4 and 6 ml kg−1, respectively.
- No significant change in apical or basal dendritic intersections or branching points was found after 2 weeks of treatment in any dose group (2, 4 or 6 ml kg−1; data not shown).
Methods
- Neonatal Wistar rat pups (7 days old, both sexes) were assigned to 2, 4 or 6 week treatment groups and dosed with 2, 4 or 6 ml kg−1 body weight of fresh CeA leaf extract daily by gastric intubation (n = 8 per dose); normal and saline control groups were also maintained (n = 8 each).
- Brains were processed with rapid Golgi staining using 0.75% aqueous silver nitrate and 120 μm sledge microtome sections; 8–10 hippocampal CA3 neurons per rat were traced by camera lucida, and dendritic branching points and intersections were quantified using Sholl’s concentric circle method at 20 μm intervals up to 100 μm from the soma for apical and basal dendrites.
- Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post test; slides were coded before tracing and quantification to avoid experimenter bias.
Limitations
- The paper states that daily fresh leaf extract preparations may have had minor variation, but argues this was minimal because leaves of equal maturation were collected from the same place and long treatment periods would compensate.
- Evident from the text: no behavioral or cognitive outcomes are reported in this paper; improved learning and memory are cited from earlier work (reference 21), so the link between the observed dendritic changes and behavior is not directly tested here.
- Evident from the text: body weight data and the 2-week treatment results are reported as “data not shown,” no sex-separated analysis is presented despite using both sexes, and only hippocampal CA3 neurons were examined.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 21 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 6 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 4 and 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased apical dendritic intersections of hippocampal CA3 neurons at the 80 and 100 μm concentric circles compared with normal controls.
“Both 4 and 6 ml kg−1 CeA groups treated for 6 weeks showed a significant increase in the apical dendritic intersections at the 80 μm (77.07 and 112.62% increases) and 100 μm (137.0 and 151.62% increases) concentric circles”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 6 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased apical dendritic intersections at the 60 μm concentric circle compared with normal controls.
“In addition, the 6 ml kg−1 CeA group showed a significantly increased number of dendritic intersections (69.2% increase) at the 60 μm concentric circle”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 6 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 4 and 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased basal dendritic intersections at the 40 and 100 μm concentric circles compared with normal controls.
“In addition, the 4 and 6 ml kg−1 CeA groups also showed a significantly increased number of dendritic intersections at the 40 μm (64.71 and 65.17% increases) and 100 μm (262.44 and 331.83% increases) concentric circles”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 6 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 2, 4, and 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased basal dendritic intersections at the 60 and 80 μm concentric circles compared with normal controls.
“The 2, 4 and 6 ml kg−1 CeA groups showed a significant increase in the basal dendritic intersections at the 60 μm (53.16, 111.86 and 108.06% increases) and 80 μm (79.26, 169.54 and 190.72% increases) concentric circles”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 6 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 2 ml/kg/day did not significantly change apical dendritic intersections at any concentric circle compared with normal controls.
“There were no significant changes in the dendritic intersections at any of the concentric circles in the 2 ml kg−1 CeA group when compared with the control group (Fig. 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 6 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased apical dendritic branching points in the third (40-60 μm) zone compared with normal controls.
“In addition, in the third (40–60 μm) zone, the 6 ml kg−1 CeA group showed a significantly increased number of dendritic branching points”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 4 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 4 and 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased apical dendritic intersections at the 80 and 100 μm concentric circles compared with normal controls.
“Both the 4 and 6 ml kg−1 CeA groups showed a significant increase in dendritic intersections at the 80 μm (35.16 and 66.33% increases) and 100 μm (77.47 and 78.82% increases) concentric circles”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 6 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased basal dendritic branching points in the fifth (80-100 μm) zone compared with normal controls.
“In the fifth (80–100 μm) zone the 6 ml kg−1 CeA group showed a significantly increased number of dendritic branching points”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 4 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased basal dendritic intersections at the 40 μm concentric circle compared with normal controls.
“In addition, the 6 ml kg−1 CeA group showed a significantly increased number of dendritic intersections in the 40 μm concentric circle”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 4 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 4 ml/kg/day significantly increased basal dendritic intersections at the 100 μm concentric circle compared with normal controls.
“The 4 ml kg−1 CeA group showed a significantly increased number of dendritic intersections at the 100 μm concentric circle”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 4 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 2 ml/kg/day did not significantly change apical dendritic intersections at any concentric circle compared with normal controls.
“There was no significant change in the dendritic intersections in any of the concentric circles in the 2 ml kg−1 CeA group when compared with the normal control group (Fig. 7).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 4 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 2 ml/kg/day did not significantly change apical dendritic branching points in any concentric zone compared with normal controls.
“No significant change was observed in the dendritic branching points in any of the concentric zones in the 2 ml kg−1 CeA group (Fig. 9).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 4 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased apical dendritic branching points in the third (40-60 μm) zone compared with normal controls.
“However, in the third (40–60 μm) zone only the 6 ml kg−1 CeA group showed a significantly increased number of dendritic branching points”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 6 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 4 and 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased basal dendritic branching points in the fourth (60-80 μm) zone compared with normal controls.
“In the fourth (60–80 μm) zone both the 4 and 6 ml kg−1 CeA groups showed a significantly increased number of dendritic branching points”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 2 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 2, 4, or 6 ml/kg/day did not significantly change apical or basal dendritic intersections or branching points of hippocampal CA3 neurons compared with controls.
“There was no significant change in either apical or basal dendritic intersections or in branching points of hippocampal CA3 neurons in rats treated with CeA for 2 weeks in any of the dose groups (2, 4 and 6 ml kg−1; data not shown).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 4 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 4 ml/kg/day significantly increased apical dendritic branching points in the fifth (80-100 μm) zone compared with normal controls.
“In the fifth (80–100 μm) zone only the 4 ml kg−1 CeA group showed an increased number of dendritic branching points”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 6 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 2 ml/kg/day did not significantly change apical dendritic branching points in any concentric zone compared with normal controls.
“However, no significant change was observed in the dendritic branching points in any of the concentric zones in the 2 ml kg−1 CeA group (Fig. 4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 4 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 2 ml/kg/day did not significantly change basal dendritic intersections at any concentric circle compared with normal controls.
“There were no significant changes in the dendritic intersections at any of the concentric circles in the 2 ml kg−1 CeA group when compared with the normal control group (Fig. 8).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 4 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased apical dendritic intersections at the 60 μm concentric circle compared with normal controls.
“In addition, the 6 ml kg−1 CeA group showed a significantly increased number of dendritic intersections at the 60 μm concentric circle (53.08% increase)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 4 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 4 and 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased apical dendritic branching points in the fourth (60-80 μm) zone compared with normal controls.
“The 4 and 6 ml kg−1 groups showed a significant increase in the apical dendritic branching points in the fourth (60–80 μm) zone”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 4 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 4 and 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased basal dendritic intersections at the 60 and 80 μm concentric circles compared with normal controls.
“Both the 4 and 6 ml kg−1 CeA groups showed a significant increase in dendritic intersections at the 60 μm (67.75 and 101.09% increases) and 80 μm (161.20 and 133.01% increases) concentric circles”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In neonatal rats treated for 4 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 2 ml/kg/day did not significantly change basal dendritic branching points in any concentric zone compared with normal controls.
“No significant changes were observed in the dendritic branching points in any of the concentric zones in the 2 ml kg−1 CeA group (Fig. 10).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Learning and memory were significantly better in rats treated with higher doses of CeA for longer periods.
“Moreover, the rats fed with CeA leaf extract were more active than control rats, and learning and memory were significantly better in rats treated with higher doses for longer periods (21).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Rao Mohandas KG Rao Muddanna S Rao Gurumadhva S Centella asiatica (linn) induced behavioural changes during growth spurt period in neonatal rats Neuroanatomy 2005 4 18 23
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Administration of fresh leaf extracts of CeA during the growth spurt (neonatal) period facilitates dendritic growth in the hippocampal CA3 neurons.
“Thus, from the present study it is evident that administration of fresh leaf extracts of CeA during the growth spurt (neonatal) period facilitates dendritic growth in the hippocampal CA3 neurons.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The increased dendritic arborization observed in CeA-treated rats is not due to their greater body weight or activity compared with controls.
- Interpretationown data
The increased dendritic intersections and branches of hippocampal CA3 neurons in animals treated with 4 and 6 ml/kg of CeA per day for 4 and 6 weeks suggest that such doses of plant extract were adequate to induce structural changes in these neurons.
“The increased dendritic intersections and branches of hippocampal CA3 neurons in animals treated with 4 and 6 ml kg−1 of CeA per day for 4 and 6 weeks in the present study suggest that such doses of plant extract were adequate to induce structural changes in these neurons.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The increased dendritic arborization observed in CeA-treated rats is not due to their greater body weight or activity compared with controls.
- Premisecitation
Such an increase in dendrites during the neonatal period has been shown to be effective in enhancing learning and memory.
“Such an increase in dendrites during the neonatal period has been shown to be effective in enhancing learning and memory (37).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [37] Tang AC Neonatal exposure to novel environment enhances hippocampal dependent memory function during infancy and adulthood Learn Mem 2001 8 257 64 11584072 PMC311382
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Dendritic structural reorganization is the key feature in learning and memory.
“Thus, dendritic structural reorganization is the key feature in learning and memory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [22] Moser MB Making more synapses: a way to store information Cell Mol Life Sci 1999 55 593 600 10357229 PMC11146984
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [23] Engert F Bonhoeffer T Dendritic spine changes associated with hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity Nature 1999 399 66 70 10331391
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The CA3 subregion of the hippocampus is a key structure of the brain involved in learning and memory.
“The cornu ammonis (CA) region, particularly the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus, is the key structure of the brain involved in learning and memory (13–16).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [13] Jensen O Lisman JE Hippocampal CA3 region predicts memory sequences accounting for the phase precession of place cells Learn Mem 1996 3 279 87 10456097
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [14] Lassale JM Bataille T Halley H Reversible inactivation of the hippocampal mossy fiber synapses in mice impairs spatial learning, but neither consolidation nor memory retrieval, in the Morris navigation task Neurobiol Learn Mem 2000 73 243 57 10775494
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [15] Christian EP Deadwyler SA Behavioral functions and hippocampal cell types: evidence for 2 non-over lapping populations in the rat J Neurophysiol 1986 55 331 48 3950695
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [16] Stubley Weatherly L Harding JW Wright JW Effect of discrete kainic acid induced hippocampal lesions on spatial and contextual learning in rats Brain Res 1996 716 29 38 8738217
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Active brain growth occurs during the growth spurt (preweaning) period.
“Since active brain growth occurs during the growth spurt (preweaning) period (17), our study was carried out on neonatal rats.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] Dobbing J Sands J Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt Early Human Dev 1979 3 79 83 118862
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Increased dendritic arborization may be the neuronal basis for the improved learning and memory reported earlier in CeA-treated rats.
“Increased dendritic arborization may be the neuronal basis for the improved learning and memory reported earlier (21).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Rao Mohandas KG Rao Muddanna S Rao Gurumadhva S Centella asiatica (linn) induced behavioural changes during growth spurt period in neonatal rats Neuroanatomy 2005 4 18 23
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The constituents/active principles present in CeA fresh leaf extract have a neuronal dendritic growth stimulating property.
“We conclude that the constituents/active principles present in CeA fresh leaf extract have a neuronal dendritic growth stimulating property”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The increased dendritic arborization observed in CeA-treated rats is not due to their greater body weight or activity compared with controls.
- Premisecitation
There is no evidence to show the effect of CeA fresh leaf extract on the brain regions involved in learning and memory, namely the hippocampus, amygdala and limbic cortex.
“Though the fresh leaf juice (extract) of CeA has been claimed to improve learning and memory in different clinical studies (2,3,6–8), there is no evidence to show the effect of this plant extract on the brain regions involved in learning and memory, namely the hippocampus (10–12), amygdala and limbic cortex.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [10] Galani R Weiss I Cassel JC Kelche C Spatial memory habituation and reactions to spatial and nonspatial changes in rats with selective lesions of the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortex or the subiculum Behav Brain Res 1998 96 1 12 9821539
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [11] Batch ME Hawkins RQ Osman M Kandel ER Mayfond M Impairment of spatial but not contextual memory in Ca MKII mutant mice with a selective loss of hippocampal LTP in the range of theta sequency Cell 1995 81 905 15 7781067
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12] Kesner RP Hopkins RD Short-term memory for duration and distance in humans: role of the hippocampus Neuropsychology 2001 15 58 68 11216890
Not checked in the free run.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- May combine two claims. 5
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 13
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn neonatal rats treated for 6 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 4 and 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased apical dendritic branching points in the fourth (60-80 μm) and fifth (80-100 μm) zones compared with normal controls.
“Both the 4 and 6 ml kg−1 CeA groups showed a significant increase in the apical dendritic branching points in the fourth (60–80 μm) zone”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThere was no difference in dendritic length and branching pattern between control and saline treated rats, suggesting that daily handling of the rats (handling stress and vehicle) itself did not alter the dendritic pattern.
“There was no difference in dendritic length and branching pattern between control and saline treated rats, suggesting that daily handling of the rats (handling stress and vehicle) itself did not alter the dendritic pattern.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn neonatal rats treated for 6 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 2, 4, and 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased basal dendritic branching points in the second (20-40 μm) and third (40-60 μm) zones compared with normal controls.
“All the groups treated with CeA showed a significant increase in the dendritic branching points in the second (20–40 μm) zone”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn neonatal rats treated for 4 weeks, CeA fresh leaf extract at 4 and 6 ml/kg/day significantly increased basal dendritic branching points in the second (20-40 μm), third (40-60 μm), and fourth (60-80 μm) zones compared with normal controls.
“Both the 4 and 6 ml kg−1 CeA groups showed a significant increase in dendritic branching points in the second (20–40 μm) zone”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCeA has been shown to be very useful in improving learning and memory.
“CeA has been shown to be very useful in improving learning and memory (2–4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [2] Sivarajan VV Indira Balachandran Ayurvedic Drugs and Their Plant Sources 1994 New Delhi, India Oxford and IBH Publishing Company 97 289, 290
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [3] Dash PK Mistry IU Rao AR Patel KS Role of medhya rasayana in school children Ayu 1996 12 15
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [4] Satyavati GV Gupta AK Tandon N Medicinal Plants of India 1976 1st edition New Delhi Indian Council of Medical Research 18 21 216 20
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe CeA plant was cultivated in uniform soil conditions in order to maintain the same source of plant throughout the experiment.
“For this experiment, we cultivated the plant in uniform soil conditions in order to maintain the same source of plant throughout the experiment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationNalini et al. reported the memory-enhancing effect of aqueous extract of CeA in adult rats.
“Nalini et al. (24) reported the memory-enhancing effect of aqueous extract of CeA in adult rats.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Nalini K Aroor AR Karanth KS Rao A Effect of Centella aciatica fresh leaf extract on learning and memory and biogenic amine turnover in albino rats Fitoterapia 1992 63 232 8
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Premisenone givenStandard extraction procedures (which involve boiling in water, ethyl alcohol or other organic solvents) may alter the structure of bioactive principles.
“Since standard extraction procedures (which involve boiling in water, ethyl alcohol or other organic solvents) may alter the structure of bioactive principles, we avoided them.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenSlides were coded before camera lucida tracing and quantification to avoid experimenter bias.
“Slides were coded before camera lucida tracing and quantification to avoid experimenter bias.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningA significant number of additional dendrites are formed closer to the soma of neurons (within 60 μm), resulting in more rapid and effective conduction of impulses, which may be one of the reasons for the enhanced learning and memory in these animals reported earlier.
“It can be noted from the results that a significant number of additional dendrites are formed closer to the soma of neurons, i.e. within 60 μm. This results in more rapid and effective conduction of impulses, which may be one of the reasons for the enhanced learning and memory in these animals reported earlier (21).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Rao Mohandas KG Rao Muddanna S Rao Gurumadhva S Centella asiatica (linn) induced behavioural changes during growth spurt period in neonatal rats Neuroanatomy 2005 4 18 23
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The increased dendritic arborization observed in CeA-treated rats is not due to their greater body weight or activity compared with controls.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe CeA plant was identified by Professor P. Venugopal Tantry and a voucher specimen number 525PP was entered in the registry.
“The CeA was identified by Professor P. Venugopal Tantry, Department of Botany, Vijaya College, Mulky, Karnataka, India. A voucher specimen number 525PP has been entered in the registry”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationA CeA plant extract obtained from ethanol extraction was different from one obtained from water extraction in terms of its biological activity.
“It has been shown in a recent study that a CeA plant extract obtained from ethanol extraction was different from one obtained from water extraction in terms of its biological activity (18).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Soumyanath A Zhong YP Gold SA Yu X Koop DR Bourdette D Centella asiatica accelerates nerve regeneration upon oral administration and contains multiple active fractions increasing neurite elongation in-vitro J Pharm Pharmacol 2005 57 1221 9 16105244
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAsiatic acid, asiaticoside 6 and SM2, active components of CeA, have a neuroprotective property, showing strong inhibition of beta amyloid and free radical induced cell death in B103 cell cultures and hippocampal slices.
“In addition to its effect on behavior, asiatic acid, asiaticoside 6 and SM2, which are the active components of the plant, have a neuroprotective property. They show a strong inhibition of beta amyloid and free radical induced cell death in B103 cell cultures and hippocampal slices (25).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] Mook Jung I Shin JE Yun SH Huh K Koh JY Park HK Protective effects of asiaticoside derivatives against beta amyloid neurotoxicity J Neurosci Res 1999 58 417 25 10518115
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningAlterations such as increases or decreases in dendritic length and increases or decreases in dendritic branches in hippocampal CA3 neurons may result in alterations in learning and memory behavior.
“Alterations such as increases or decreases in dendritic length and increases or decreases in dendritic branches in these neurons may result in alterations in learning and memory behavior.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningSuch changes will have a profound effect on behavior because of the additional dendrites that are available on these neurons for the formation of new synapses.
“Naturally, such changes will have a profound effect on behavior because of the additional dendrites that are available on these neurons for the formation of new synapses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The increased dendritic arborization observed in CeA-treated rats is not due to their greater body weight or activity compared with controls.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningMinor daily variation in the fresh leaf extract preparations would have been minimal and compensated for by the long period (2, 4 or 6 weeks) of treatment.
“Though there may have been minor variation in our daily preparations, it would have been minimal as leaves of equal maturation were collected from the same place on all days. This minor daily variation would have been compensated for by the long period (2, 4 or 6 weeks) of treatment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe dry weight of a given volume (1 ml) of CeA juice prepared on different days was the same (0.079 ± 0.01 g, n = 6).
“Further, we have established that the dry weight of a given volume (1 ml) of juice prepared on different days was the same (0.079 ± 0.01 g, n = 6).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe memory-enhancing property of fresh leaf extracts of CeA in neonatal rats has been reported before.
“The memory-enhancing property of fresh leaf extracts of CeA in neonatal rats has been reported before (21).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Rao Mohandas KG Rao Muddanna S Rao Gurumadhva S Centella asiatica (linn) induced behavioural changes during growth spurt period in neonatal rats Neuroanatomy 2005 4 18 23
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenAll experiments were carried out with prior approval from the institutional animal ethical committee.
“All experiments were carried out with prior approval from the institutional animal ethical committee.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The increased dendritic arborization observed in CeA-treated rats is not due to their greater body weight or activity compared with controls.
“The rats treated with all doses of CeA remained healthy throughout the treatment period. They gained more body weight than the control and saline treated rats (data not shown). Moreover, the rats fed with CeA leaf extract were more active than control rats”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The leaves of Centella asiatica have been used as a memory enhancer in the Ayurvedic system of medicine.
“The leaves of mandukparni have been used as a memory enhancer in the Ayurvedic system of medicine [51].”
From Indian Medicinal Herbs and Formulations for Alzheimer’s Disease, from Traditional Knowledge to Scientific Assessment (2020) · cites this paper as [51]
The beneficial effect of Centella asiatica was attributed to antioxidant activity as evidenced by a decrease in malondialdehyde and increases in glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels.
“The authors attributed the beneficial effect of C. asiatica to antioxidant activity as evidenced by a decrease in malondialdehyde, increase in glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels.”
From Indian Medicinal Herbs and Formulations for Alzheimer’s Disease, from Traditional Knowledge to Scientific Assessment (2020) · cites this paper as [51]
Pretreatment with Centella asiatica extract for 21 days significantly reversed streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairment.
“Pretreatment with the extract for 21 days significantly reversed streptozotocin induced cognitive impairment [51].”
From Indian Medicinal Herbs and Formulations for Alzheimer’s Disease, from Traditional Knowledge to Scientific Assessment (2020) · cites this paper as [51]
Centella asiatica leaf extract induced neurite elongation in human SH-SY-5Y cells and accelerated axonal regeneration in rats.
“The leaf extract stimulated dendrites of neuronal cells in the rat brain [51] and induced neurite elongation in human SH-SY-5Y cells and accelerated axonal regenerate in rats [58].”
From Indian Medicinal Herbs and Formulations for Alzheimer’s Disease, from Traditional Knowledge to Scientific Assessment (2020) · cites this paper as [51]
Centella asiatica leaf extracts enhance memory and learning in rats via modulation of neurotransmitters including noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and dopamine.
“C. asiatica leaf extracts also demonstrated enhanced memory and learning in rats via the modulation of various neurotransmitters in rat brains, inclusive of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and dopamine [134].”
From The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotective Plants in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [134]
Centella asiatica may have a therapeutic role in Alzheimer's disease-associated cognitive decline.
“This advocated for the possible therapeutic role of C. asiatica in the therapeutic treatment of AD-associated cognitive decline.”
From The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotective Plants in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [134]
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Centella asiatica: Phytochemistry and mechanisms of neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement
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“[6] Anti seizure activity 1 2”
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“468 Centella extract is known to improve the morphology and arborization of hippocampal 469 neuronal dendrites (52, 53).”
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Recent Updates in Neuroprotective and Neuroregenerative Potential of Centella asiatica.
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Neuritogenic effect of standardized extract of Centella asiatica ECa233 on human neuroblastoma cells
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Apoptosis induction of Centella asiatica on human breast cancer cells
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“The role of C. asiatica extract in the treatment of memory enhancement and other neurodegenerative disorder is also well documented (Mohandas Rao et al., 2006).”
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CENTELLA ASIATICA: A CONCISE DRUG REVIEW WITH PROBABLE CLINICAL USES
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Indian Herbs for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disease
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Pathways to healing: Plants with therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases
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Current Updates on Centella asiatica: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Traditional Uses
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Paeoniae albaRadix Promotes Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
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Anxiolytic-like and sedative effects of Hydrocotyle umbellata L., Araliaceae, extract in mice
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Self-citationBotanical Pharmacognosy of Centella asiatica (Linn.)Urban
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Phytochemicals in Parkinson’s Disease: a Pathway to Neuroprotection and Personalized Medicine
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Synergistic combinations of five single drugs from Centella asiatica for neuronal differentiation
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Centella asiatica (Gotu kola) leaves
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Rasayana Herbs of Ayurveda to Treat age Related Cognitive Decline: An Update
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Plants Affecting Serotonergic Neurotransmission
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Electrochemical Behavior and Antioxidant Activity of Hibalactone
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“It has been reported that Rasayanas have immunomodulatory, anti‐oxidant and anti‐tumor functions improve memory, intelligence, youthfulness, luster, complexion, and efficiency.[2] It helps to preserve harmony in three psychobiological dimensions known as Doshas[3] and biological rhythms, which regulate the entire func…”
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“The memory retention process involves growth and arborization of dendrites in hippocampal neurons.((16,17)) Learning and memory improvement might be connected with the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and neuroprotective activities of CeA.”
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Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Apiaceae/Umbelliferae)
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- Authors
- Mohandas Rao, K. G., Muddanna Rao, S., & Gurumadhva Rao, S.
- Venue
- Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 349-357
- ISSN
- 1741-427X (ISSN-L)
- 1741-4288
- PMC
- PMC1513148
- OpenAlex
- W2135262178
- Semantic Scholar
- bebf77f1550dbf2208791a71dc7fbf3664e16fd0
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 12.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plant Extracts Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants
- Keywords
- Centella asiatica, leaf extract, CA3 neurons, dendritic branching, dendritic morphology, neonatal rats, memory enhancement, Ayurveda, neuroprotection, neurodegenerative diseases
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