Increased velocity exercise specific to task training versus the National Institute on Aging's strength training program: changes in limb power and mobility
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BACKGROUND: This study was designed to evaluate the benefits of InVEST (Increased Velocity Specific to Task) training on limb power and mobility among mobility-limited older adults. METHODS: We conducted a single blinded, randomized controlled trial among 138 mobility-limited community-dwelling older adults, evaluating two 16-week supervised exercise programs. The intervention group participated in InVEST training, and the control group participated in the National Institute on Aging's (NIA) strength training program. Primary outcomes were changes in limb power per kilogram and mobility performance as measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). RESULTS: After 16 weeks, InVEST produced significantly greater improvements in limb power than NIA (p=.02). There was no significant difference in strength improvements. Both groups had significant changes in SPPB of greater than 1 unit. Self-reported function was also significantly improved in both groups. Differences between groups were not statistically different. In a post hoc analysis when participants were categorized by the manifestation of baseline leg velocity impairments (N=68), InVEST training produced effect size differences in SPPB that were clinically meaningful (SPPB Group x Time difference 0.73 units, p=.05). CONCLUSIONS: Among mobility-limited older adults, both NIA and InVEST produce robust changes in observed physical performance and self-reported function. These improvements were not meaningfully different by statistical or clinical criteria. Compared with NIA, InVEST training produced greater improvements in limb power and equivalent improvements in strength. Observed differences between NIA and InVEST based upon baseline leg impairment status are informative for futures studies.
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Previous analyses included studies with multiple cointerventions across groups.
“Furthermore, previous analyses included studies with multiple cointerventions across groups. For example, the largest study used standing functional exercises for PT, and the control group used seated exercises.20”
From Comparison of Power Training vs Traditional Strength Training on Physical Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
The Discussion (p. 6) says that both interventions retained standing and chair-rise elements, supporting the point that exercise components overlapped across groups. But the Interventions section (p. 2) says both groups exercised seated or with a chair or rail for support; it does not support the example's contrast between standing exercises in one group and seated exercises in the control group. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe effects of power training on physical functioning appeared even larger than after strength training and endurance training.
“The effects appeared even larger than after strength training and endurance training [3, 4, 7, 8, 17–20].”
From Effectiveness of power training compared to strength training in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
The Results table (p. 6) shows a numerically larger improvement in physical performance after InVEST power training than after NIA strength training (SPPB: 1.75 versus 1.42 points). The Discussion (p. 6) says the between-group difference was not statistically significant, and the study did not compare power training with endurance training. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStrong Bodies compliance appeared low overall compared with a previous study of the same intervention in adults and other studies with elders.
“However, SB compliance appeared low overall compared to a previous study of the same intervention in adults (21, 47) and other studies with elders (66).”
From Effectiveness of a Disability Preventive Intervention for Minority and Immigrant Elders: The Positive Minds-Strong Bodies Randomized Clinical Trial (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
Power training improved physical functioning in daily life.
“Power training consequently also improved physical functioning in daily life.”
From Effectiveness of power training compared to strength training in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
In community-dwelling older adults with objective mobility limitations, leg power consistently explained a greater proportion of variance (2-8%) on all measures of physical performance than muscle strength did.
“Compared to muscle strength, leg power consistently explained a greater proportion of the variance (2–8%) on all measures of physical performance (stair climb and chair stand performance, gait speed and the SPPB) assessed in these mobility-limited participants.”
From Skeletal Muscle Power (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
The Outcome Measures section (p. 3) describes measurements of limb power, strength, and the SPPB, but our copy does not report how much variance in physical performance each explains. Searches for the 2–8% figure and for comparisons across stair climbing, chair stands, gait speed, and the SPPB found no such analysis. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Five included studies had good internal validity, eight were classified as poor to fair, and one was classified as having poor internal validity.
“Five studies were considered to have ‘good’ internal validity [3, 30, 33, 35, 38], 8 studies were classified as ‘poor’ to ‘fair’ [4, 5, 9, 29, 31, 32, 37, 39], and 1 study was classified as having ‘poor’ interal validity [7].”
From Effectiveness of power training compared to strength training in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [3]
The Statistical Analysis (p. 3) describes this trial’s methods, and the Discussion (p. 7) discusses its limitations. Neither passage classifies the internal validity of included studies or reports the stated counts; searches for internal-validity and quality-assessment ratings found no such passage. The source’s reference number in the citing sentence is not identified, so its intended role in the list cannot be determined from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Bean, J. F., Kiely, D. K., LaRose, S., O'Neill, E., Goldstein, R., & Frontera, W. R.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Hebrew SeniorLife (US)
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital (US)
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-05-04
- Volume
- 64A
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 983-991
- ISSN
- 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-535X
- PMC
- PMC2720885
- OpenAlex
- W2165515391
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 26.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (K23AG019663)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Keywords
- resistance training, older adults, muscle strength, mobility (physical function), Short Physical Performance Battery, exercise intervention, self-reported function
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Exercise Therapy, Extremities, Female, Humans, Locomotion, Male, Exercise, Single-Blind Method, Muscle, Skeletal, Resistance Training
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