Dynapenia and aging: an update

Manini, Todd M.; Clark, Brian C.

doi:10.1093/gerona/glr010

Cited by 875Nutrition and Health in AgingFrailty in Older AdultsMuscle Physiology and Disorders

Dynapenia and aging: an update

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Manini, Todd M., Clark, Brian C.·2012·The Journals of Gerontology: Series A

DOI 10.1093/gerona/glr010PMC PMC3260480

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Abstract

In 2008, we published an article arguing that the age-related loss of muscle strength is only partially explained by the reduction in muscle mass and that other physiologic factors explain muscle weakness in older adults (Clark BC, Manini TM. Sarcopenia =/= dynapenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63:829-834). Accordingly, we proposed that these events (strength and mass loss) be defined independently, leaving the term "sarcopenia" to be used in its original context to describe the age-related loss of muscle mass. We subsequently coined the term "dynapenia" to describe the age-related loss of muscle strength and power. This article will give an update on both the biological and clinical literature on dynapenia-serving to best synthesize this translational topic. Additionally, we propose a working decision algorithm for defining dynapenia. This algorithm is specific to screening for and defining dynapenia using age, presence or absence of risk factors, a grip strength screening, and if warranted a test for knee extension strength. A definition for a single risk factor such as dynapenia will provide information in building a risk profile for the complex etiology of physical disability. As such, this approach mimics the development of risk profiles for cardiovascular disease that include such factors as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia, etc. Because of a lack of data, the working decision algorithm remains to be fully developed and evaluated. However, these efforts are expected to provide a specific understanding of the role that dynapenia plays in the loss of physical function and increased risk for disability among older adults.

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Declines in muscle strength and power may matter more than loss of muscle mass.
“Loss of muscle strength and power may be more important than changes to muscle mass (68).”
From Frailty in elderly people (2013) · cites this paper as [68]
Age-related dysfunctions in the central nervous system, such as decreases in motor unit firing rate and recruitment induced by decrease in supraspinal drive and/or spinal excitability, are closely associated with age-related decrement in muscle strength.
“the age-related dysfunctions in central nervous system such as decreases in motor unit firing rate and recruitment induced by decrease in supraspinal drive and/or spinal excitability, would also be closely associated with any age-related decrement in muscle strength (Clark and Manini, 2008; Manini and Clark, 2012).”
From Effect of resistance training and fish protein intake on motor unit firing pattern and motor function of elderly (2018) · cites this paper as Manini and Clark, 2012
Loss of muscle performance has a greater negative impact on older adults than loss of muscle mass.
“the preponderance of evidence from years indicates that loss of muscle performance has a greater negative impact on older adults than loss of mass [18, 20–25, 37–39].”
From Targeting Intramyocellular Lipids to Improve Aging Muscle Function (2025) · cites this paper as [38]

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Voluntary activation during maximal contraction with advancing age: a brief review
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Age‐dependent changes in the ability to encode a novel elementary motor memory
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Dihydropyridine Receptor-Ryanodine Receptor Uncoupling in Aged Skeletal Muscle
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Point:Counterpoint: The interpolated twitch does/does not provide a valid measure of the voluntary activation of muscle
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Older adults can maximally activate the biceps brachii muscle by voluntary command
Serres, S. J. D., & Enoka, R. M. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.284 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Voluntary muscle activation varies with age and muscle group
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Single Skeletal Muscle Fiber Elastic and Contractile Characteristics in Young and Older Men
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Reexamining the Sarcopenia Hypothesis: Muscle Mass versus Muscle Strength
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Erratum to “Force and the motor cortex”
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Increased velocity exercise specific to task training versus the National Institute on Aging's strength training program: changes in limb power and mobility
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Exercise Physiology in Geriatric Practice
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Somatostatin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression in the primate brain: decreased levels of mRNAs during aging
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Adaptations in human neuromuscular function following prolonged unweighting: II. Neurological properties and motor imagery efficacy
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Self-citation
Recovery from supraspinal fatigue is slowed in old adults after fatiguing maximal isometric contractions
Hunter, S. K., Todd, G., Butler, J. E., Gandevia, S. C., & Taylor, J. L. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01246.2007 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Adaptations in human neuromuscular function following prolonged unweighting: I. Skeletal muscle contractile properties and applied ischemia efficacy
Clark, B. C., Fernhall, B., & Ploutz‐Snyder, L. L. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01402.2005 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citation
Older Adults Exhibit a Reduced Ability to Fully Activate Their Biceps Brachii Muscle
Yue, G. H., Ranganathan, V. K., Siemionow, V., Liu, J. Z., & Sahgal, V. (1999) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/54.5.m249 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Effects of ageing and gender on contractile properties in human skeletal muscle and single fibres
Yu, F., Hedström, M., Cristea, A., Dalén, N., & Larsson, L. (2007) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01699.x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Glutamate–dopamine–GABA interactions in the aging basal ganglia
Mora, F., Segovia, G., & Arco, A. D. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.10.006 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Counterpoint: The interpolated twitch does not provide a valid measure of the voluntary activation of muscle
HAAN, A. D., Gerrits, K. H. L., & de Ruiter, C. J. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91220.2008a · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Strength, Physical Activity, and Body Mass Index: Relationship to Performance‐Based Measures and Activities of Daily Living Among Older Japanese Women in Hawaii
Davis, J. W., Ross, P. D., Preston, S. D., Nevitt, M. C., & Wasnich, R. D. (1998) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb01037.x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Are voluntary muscle activation deficits in older adults meaningful?
Stevens, J. E., Stackhouse, S. K., Binder‐Macleod, S. A., & Snyder‐Mackler, L. (2002) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.10279 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Type and Intensity of Activity and Risk of Mobility Limitation: The Mediating Role of Muscle Parameters
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Lower Extremity Strength and Power Are Associated With 400-Meter Walk Time in Older Adults: The InCHIANTI Study
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Deterioration of contractile properties of muscle fibres in elderly subjects is modulated by the level of physical activity
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Doublet Discharges in Motoneurons of Young and Older Adults
Christie, A. D., & Kamen, G. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00685.2005 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Aging is associated with contrasting changes in local and distant cortical connectivity in the human motor system
Rowe, J. B., Siebner, H. R., Filipović, S. R., Cordivari, C., Gerschlager, W., Rothwell, J. C., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.061 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Increased intracortical inhibition in middle-aged humans; a study using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation
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Upper and Lower Limb Muscle Power Relationships in Mobility-Limited Older Adults
Herman, S. D., Kiely, D. K., Leveille, S. G., O'Neill, E., Cyberey, S., & Bean, J. F. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/60.4.476 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Age-related changes in short-latency motor cortex inhibition
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Comparative effects of resistance training on peak isometric torque, muscle hypertrophy, voluntary activation and surface EMG between young and elderly women
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Expression and Regulation of Excitation-Contraction Coupling Proteins in Aging Skeletal Muscle
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Pulmonary Function, Muscle Strength, and Incident Mobility Disability in Elders
Buchman, A. S., Boyle, P. A., Leurgans, S. E., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/pats.200905-030rm · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Impaired Dopaminergic Function during Aging
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Force generation, but not myosin ATPase activity, declines with age in rat muscle fibers
Lowe, D. A., Thomas, D. D., & Thompson, L. V. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00008.2002 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Is it Legitimate to Characterize Muscle Strength Using a Limited Number of Measures?
Bohannon, R. W. (2008) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31815f993d · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Resistance exercise and appropriate nutrition to counteract muscle wasting and promote muscle hypertrophy
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Release Declines in Muscle Fibers from Aging Mice
Jiménez-Moreno, R., Wang, Z.-M., Gerring, R., & Delbono, O. (2008) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1529/biophysj.107.118786 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Dynamometer Measurements of Grip and Knee Extension Strength: Are They Indicative of Overall Limb and Trunk Muscle Strength?
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Ageing, but not yet senescent, rats exhibit reduced muscle quality and sarcoplasmic reticulum function: Age and muscle quality
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Age‐related muscle fatigue after a low‐force fatiguing contraction is explained by central fatigue
Yoon, T., De‐Lap, B. S., Griffith, E. E., et al. (2008) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.20969 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Adrenergic and serotonergic receptors in aged monkey neocortex
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Monocyte Inflammatory Mediators Impair In Vitro Hamster Diaphragm Contractility
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The Novel Skeletal Muscle Sarcoplasmic Reticulum JP-45 Protein
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Therapy of muscle wasting in cancer: what is the future?
Muscaritoli, M., Bossola, M., Bellantone, R. D. A., & Fanelli, F. R. (2004) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/01.mco.0000134366.07148.2e · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Loss of skeletal muscle strength by ablation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum protein JP45
Delbono, O., Xia, J., Treves, S., Wang, Z., Jiménez-Moreno, R., Payne, A. M., Messi, M. L., Briguet, A., Schaerer, F., Nishi, M., et al. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0707389104 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Reduced expression of sarcalumenin and related Ca2+-regulatory proteins in aged rat skeletal muscle
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How does cachexia influence survival in cancer, heart failure and other chronic diseases?
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Relationship between dynapenia and cardiorespiratory functions in healthy postmenopausal women
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The junctional SR protein JP-45 affects the functional expression of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel Cav1.1
Anderson, A. A., Altafaj, X., Zheng, Z., Wang, Z., Delbono, O., Ronjat, M., Treves, S., & Zorzato, F. (2006) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.02935 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Regulation of excitation contraction coupling by insulin-like growth factor-1 in aging skeletal muscle.
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Age changes in signal transduction and gene expression
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Effect of age on muscle activation and twitch properties during static and dynamic actions
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Increased CaVβ1a expression with aging contributes to skeletal muscle weakness
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The novel skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum JP-45 protein : molecular cloning, tissue distribution, developmental expression, and interaction with alpha 1.1 subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel
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Internal Consistency of Manual Muscle Testing Scores
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Literature Review: Explosive/Plyometric Exercises
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Comparison of skeletal muscle motor unit discharge characteristics in young and aged humans
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Age-Related Changes in Adult Muscle Morphology
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Intercorrelations and Internal Consistency of Limb Muscle-Action Strengths of Patients with Renal Disease
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INTERNAL CONSISTENCY OF MANUAL MUSCLE TESTING SCORES
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Age-related Differences In Cortical Excitability
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Frailty in elderly people
Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M. O., & Rockwood, K. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62167-9 · Cited by 9,503 · see citing works
Sarcopenia
Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., & Sayer, A. A. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31138-9 · Cited by 3,905 · see citing works
Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association
Fragala, M. S., Cadore, E. L., Dorgo, S., Izquierdo, M., Kraemer, W. J., Peterson, M. D., & Ryan, E. D. (2019) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003230 · Cited by 1,290 · see citing works
SARC-F: a symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes
Malmstrom, T. K., Miller, D. K., Simonsick, E. M., Ferrucci, L., & Morley, J. E. (2016) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12048 · Cited by 1,155 · see citing works
Dose–Response Relationships of Resistance Training in Healthy Old Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Borde, R., Hortobágyi, T., & Granacher, U. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0385-9 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Role of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: Evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Booth, F. W., Roberts, C. K., Thyfault, J. P., Ruegsegger, G. N., & Toedebusch, R. G. (2017) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2016 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Muscular Strength as A Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in an Apparently Healthy Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data From Approximately 2 Million Men and Women
García-Hermoso, A., Cavero-Redondo, I., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Ruiz, J. R., Ortega, F. B., Lee, D.-C., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2018) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2018.01.008 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Insulin resistance and sarcopenia: mechanistic links between common co-morbidities
Cleasby, M. E., Jamieson, P. M., & Atherton, P. J. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-15-0533 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Grip Strength Cutpoints for the Identification of Clinically Relevant Weakness
Alley, D. E., Shardell, M. D., Peters, K. W., McLean, R. R., Dam, T.-T. L., Kenny, A. M., Fragala, M. S., Harris, T. B., Kiel, D. P., Guralnik, J. M., et al. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glu011 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Associations of Muscle Mass and Strength with All-Cause Mortality among US Older Adults
LI, R., XIA, J., ZHANG, X., GATHIRUA-MWANGI, W. G., GUO, J., LI, Y., MCKENZIE, S., & SONG, Y. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001448 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Aging of skeletal muscle fibers
Miljkovic, N., Lim, J.-Y., Miljkovic, I., & Frontera, W. R. (2015) · Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.5535/arm.2015.39.2.155 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
“Disruption or uncoupling at any step of this process may result in reduced muscle fiber activation, force generation, and lower whole muscle strength [41].”
Background
Sarcopenia and physical independence in older adults: the independent and synergic role of muscle mass and muscle function
dos Santos, L., Cyrino, E. S., Antunes, M., Santos, D. A., & Sardinha, L. B. (2017) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12160 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults
Anton, S. D., Woods, A. J., Ashizawa, T., Barb, D., Buford, T. W., Carter, C. S., Clark, D. J., Cohen, R. A., Corbett, D. B., Cruz-Almeida, Y., et al. (2015) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.09.005 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript Wohlgemuth, Vandenborne, Pahor, Leeuwenburgh, and Manini 2012) and slower walking speed observed with aging.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Implications of low muscle mass across the continuum of care: a narrative review
Prado, C. M., Purcell, S. A., Alish, C., Pereira, S. L., Deutz, N. E., Heyland, D. K., Goodpaster, B. H., Tappenden, K. A., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2018) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2018.1511918 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Lifelong physical exercise delays age-associated skeletal muscle decline
Zampieri, S., Pietrangelo, L., Loefler, S., Fruhmann, H., Vogelauer, M., Burggraf, S., Pond, A., Grim-Stieger, M., Cvecka, J., Sedliak, M., et al. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glu006 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle aging: influence of oxidative stress and physical exercise
Gomes, M. J., Martinez, P. F., Pagan, L. U., Damatto, R. L., Mariano Cezar, M. D., Ruiz Lima, A. R., Okoshi, K., & Okoshi, M. P. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.14670 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Effects of Supervised vs. Unsupervised Training Programs on Balance and Muscle Strength in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Lacroix, A., Hortobágyi, T., Beurskens, R., & Granacher, U. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0747-6 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
The Role of Water Homeostasis in Muscle Function and Frailty: A Review
Lorenzo, I., Serra-Prat, M., & Yébenes, J. C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081857 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Pharmacologic Options for the Treatment of Sarcopenia
Morley, J. E. (2016) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-015-0022-5 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Putative Cut‐Points in Sarcopenia Components and Incident Adverse Health Outcomes: An <scp>SDOC</scp> Analysis
Cawthon, P. M., Manini, T., Patel, S. M., Newman, A., Travison, T., Kiel, D. P., Santanasto, A. J., Ensrud, K. E., Xue, Q., Shardell, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16517 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sarcopenia and obesity
Waters, D. L., & Baumgartner, R. N. (2011) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2011.03.007 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Strength training at high versus low external resistance in older adults: Effects on muscle volume, muscle strength, and force–velocity characteristics
Van Roie, E., Delecluse, C., Coudyzer, W., Boonen, S., & Bautmans, I. (2013) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.010 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Intramyocellular lipid and impaired myofiber contraction in normal weight and obese older adults
Choi, S. J., Files, D. C., Zhang, T., Wang, Z.-M., Messi, M. L., Gregory, H., Stone, J., Lyles, M. F., Dhar, S., Marsh, A. P., et al. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glv169 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Age-induced oxidative stress: how does it influence skeletal muscle quantity and quality?
Baumann, C. W., Kwak, D., Liu, H. M., & Thompson, L. V. (2016) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00321.2016 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Effect of resistance training on muscle strength and rate of force development in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Guizelini, P. C., de Aguiar, R. A., Denadai, B. S., Caputo, F., & Greco, C. C. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.11.020 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Difference in Muscle Quality over the Adult Life Span and Biological Correlates in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Moore, A. Z., Caturegli, G., Metter, E. J., Makrogiannis, S., Resnick, S. M., Harris, T. B., & Ferrucci, L. (2014) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12653 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Muscle strength mediates the relationship between mitochondrial energetics and walking performance
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The biomechanical mechanism of how strength and power training improves walking speed in old adults remains unknown
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Authors: Manini, T. M., & Clark, B. C.
Affiliations: University of Florida (US)
Ohio University (US)
ORCID: Manini, Todd M.
Clark, Brian C.
Venue: The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2011-03-28
Volume: 67A
Issue: 1
Pages: 28-40
ISSN: 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
1758-535X
DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr010
PMC: PMC3260480
OpenAlex: W2143056100
Cited by: 875
References: 142
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 25.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000064)
National Institute on Aging (R21AG031974, P30AG028740)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R15HD065552)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Keywords: dynapenia, sarcopenia, muscle strength decline, muscle mass loss, aging, older adults, physical disability, quadriceps strength, risk profile, decision-making algorithm, physical function
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Algorithms, Animals, Female, Persons with Disabilities, Disabled Persons, Humans, Knee, Male, Risk Factors, Geriatric Assessment, Muscle, Skeletal, Hand Strength, Muscle Weakness, Rats, Muscle Strength, Sarcopenia, Translational Research, Biomedical

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Dynapenia and aging: an update

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