Effects of resistance training concentric velocity on older adults’ functional capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials
Open accessAbstract
Reduced levels of functional capacity in older adults are related to lower quality of life, frailty, and sarcopenia, and can increase risk of falling, fractures and hospitalisation. Resistance training is an effective method to attenuate age-related functional declines. Based on the findings that muscle power and explosive strength are strongly associated with functional performance in older adults, it has been suggested that fast-intended-velocity resistance training may elicit greater improvements in functional capacity when compared to moderate-velocity resistance training. However, currently, there is no high-quality systematic review and meta-analysis supporting this assertion. The present study compared the magnitude of functional capacity improvements following resistance training performed with fast-intentional velocity versus moderate velocity. Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to January 2019. The following eligibility criteria for selecting studies was adopted: Participants aged ≥60 years; resistance training based intervention for lower limbs performed solely with slow to moderate concentric velocity (≥2 s for each concentric phase) or solely with the intention of maximising velocity (i.e., as fast as possible); and at least one functional test for lower limbs, with pre- and post-intervention measurements. When studies employed multiple functional tests, a single (pooled) standardised mean difference was calculated and presented as combined functional capacity. In addition, functional tests were grouped accordingly to their specificity for the sub-groups meta-analyses. Fifteen studies were selected (high quality, n = 3; and pre-registered, n = 2). The results presented heterogeneity and small-studies publication bias, leading to a biased advantage for fast-intended-velocity resistance training (95%CI = 0.18, 0.65; I 2 = 45%). Short physical performance battery indicated an advantage for fast-intended-velocity resistance training (95%CI = 0.10, 0.94; I 2 = 0%). There was no difference for timed up and go (95%CI = -0.07, 0.94; I 2 = 48%), 30-s chair stand (95%CI = -0.24, 1.39; I 2 = 71%), 5-times chair stand (95%CI = -1.63, 1.27; I 2 = 57%) stair climb (95%CI = -1.89, 2.81; I 2 = 0%), short walk (95%CI = -0.99, 0.96; I 2 = 21%) and long walk (95%CI = -0.59, 1.00; I 2 = 0%). These results suggest that there is inconclusive evidence to support the superiority of fast-intended-velocity resistance training to improve functional capacity when compared to moderate-velocity resistance training. These results may have been influenced by the lack of high-quality and pre-registered studies, high heterogeneity, and small-studies publication bias. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42019122251.
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Walking performance is positively affected by power training compared with other resistance training prescription variables.
“In comparisons between distinct RTx, walking performance was positively affected by power training (106,157).”
From American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Resistance Training Prescription for Muscle Function, Hypertrophy, and Physical Performance in Healthy Adults: An Overview of Reviews (2026) · cites this paper as [157]
The Results (§3.6; page unavailable) found no statistically significant difference between fast-intended-velocity and moderate-velocity resistance training for short walks (p = 0.952) or long walks (p = 0.243). The Summary of main results (§4.1; page unavailable) says the two approaches produced similar improvements in both walking tests, contrary to the claimed comparative advantage for power training. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMulticomponent function is affected by power training compared with other resistance training prescription variables.
“In comparisons between distinct RTx, multicomponent function was affected by elastic band RT (61) and power training (105,157,160), but was not affected by time under tension (24) or volume (91).”
From American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Resistance Training Prescription for Muscle Function, Hypertrophy, and Physical Performance in Healthy Adults: An Overview of Reviews (2026) · cites this paper as [157]
Section 3.6 reports better results for fast-intended-velocity resistance training than moderate-velocity training on combined functional tests and the Short Physical Performance Battery. But its publication-bias-adjusted result for combined tests was not statistically significant, and the Conclusions say the evidence for a superior effect is inconclusive. The claim omits that qualification. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported that power training is more beneficial than traditional resistance training for improving physical function.
“Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported that PT is more beneficial than traditional resistance training for improving physical function.15,16”
From Comparison of Power Training vs Traditional Strength Training on Physical Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
The Summary of main results (section 4.1; page unavailable) reports an apparent advantage for fast-intended-velocity training on some functional tests. But it calls that advantage unclear, and the Conclusions (section 5; page unavailable) say evidence of superiority over moderate-velocity resistance training is inconclusive. The claim omits that uncertainty and presents the benefit too definitively. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious systematic reviews and meta-analyses reported effect sizes of SMD 0.41 (95% CI, 0.18-0.65) and 0.32 (95% CI, 0.06-0.65) for power training.
“Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses reported similar effect sizes of SMD (0.41; 95% CI, 0.18-0.65)15 and 0.32 (95% CI, 0.06-0.65)16 for PT.”
From Comparison of Power Training vs Traditional Strength Training on Physical Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
Section 3.6 (page unavailable) reports that a meta-analysis found greater general functional-capacity improvement with fast-intended-velocity resistance training than with moderate-velocity training in older adults. Our copy does not give the cited SMD of 0.32 or its 95% CI of 0.06–0.65; it reports a separate, bias-corrected estimate of 0.23. The 0.41 estimate is attached to the other citation in the citing sentence, so it is not assessed against this source. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeveral systematic reviews have made direct comparisons of the effectiveness of these modalities on older adults' functional performance but did not fully address the quality of intervention reporting.
“To date, several systematic reviews have made direct comparisons of the effectiveness of these modalities on older adults ' functional performance 24,37,46 -49 but did not fully address the quality of the intervention reporting, which limits the translation and application into practice.”
From High-velocity power training has similar effects to traditional resistance training for functional performance in older adults: a systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
The Introduction and Section 2.2 establish that this is a systematic review directly comparing resistance-training velocities and older adults’ functional capacity. Section 2.4 assesses trial methodological quality with PEDro, but the passages do not establish whether the review fully addressed the quality of intervention reporting or whether that limited translation into practice. No page numbers were provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
A more recent systematic review included 14 trials but excluded studies where external loading was <60% of 1RM.
“A more recent systematic review included 14 trials, but the selection criteria excluded studies where external loading was , 60% of 1RM. 48”
From High-velocity power training has similar effects to traditional resistance training for functional performance in older adults: a systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
Section 3.1 reports 15 studies included in the review’s qualitative synthesis; one was omitted from the meta-analyses, leaving 14. Section 2.2 supports a loading threshold, but the criterion applied to moderate-velocity groups at any phase of the intervention and also allowed a Borg-scale rating of at least 13. The claim omits those qualifications and describes 14 as the review’s total. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredShort Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is positively affected by power training compared with other resistance training prescription variables.
“In comparing different RTx, SPPB was positively affected by power training (106,157).”
There were insufficient data to determine if timed up-and-go is affected by load or power training versus standard resistance training.
“In comparisons between distinct RTx, there were insufficient data to determine if TUG was affected by load (82) or power training versus standard RT (82,106,157).”
There were insufficient data to determine if chair stand performance is affected by load or power training versus standard resistance training.
“In comparisons between distinct RTx, there were insufficient data to determine if chair stand performance was affected by load (82) or power training versus standard RT (82,106,157).”
There were insufficient data to determine if stair climbing is affected by load or power training versus standard resistance training.
“In comparisons between distinct RTx, there were insufficient data to determine if stair climbing was affected by load (82) or power training versus standard RT (82,157).”
Moderate-intensity power training (60% of 1RM) can lead to superior functional capacity adaptations.
“However, moderate-intensity power training (60% of 1RM) [84,212,213] can lead to superior functional capacity adaptations.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [212]
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International exercise recommendations in older adults (ICFSR): Expert consensus guidelines
Izquierdo, M., Merchant, R. A., Morley, J. E., Anker, S. D., Aprahamian, I., Arai, H., Aubertin-Leheudre, M., Bernabei, R., Cadore, E. L., Cesari, M., et al. (2021) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-021-1665-8 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
El Assar, M., Álvarez-Bustos, A., Sosa, P., Angulo, J., & Rodríguez-Mañas, L. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158713 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Izquierdo, M., de Souto Barreto, P., Arai, H., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Cadore, E. L., Cesari, M., Chen, L.-K., Coen, P. M., Courneya, K. S., Duque, G., et al. (2025) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100401 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Mcleod, J. C., Currier, B. S., Lowisz, C. V., & Phillips, S. M. (2024) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.005 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Balachandran, A. T., Steele, J., Angielczyk, D., Belio, M., Schoenfeld, B. J., Quiles, N., Askin, N., & Abou-Setta, A. M. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.11623 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
CURRIER, B. S., D’SOUZA, A. C., SINGH, M. A. F., LOWISZ, C. V., RAWSON, E. S., SCHOENFELD, B. J., SMITH-RYAN, A. E., STEEN, J. P., THOMAS, G. A., TRIPLETT, N. T., et al. (2026) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003897 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“In comparisons between distinct RTx, there were insufficient data to determine if chair stand performance was affected by load (82) or power training versus standard RT (82,106,157).”
InfluentialRadaelli, R., Trajano, G. S., Freitas, S. R., Izquierdo, M., Cadore, E. L., & Pinto, R. S. (2023) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01758-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationMartins, A. D., Fernandes, O., Pereira, A., Oliveira, R., Alderete Goñi, F. D., Leite, N. J. C., & Brito, J. P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095390 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lean, fast and strong: Determinants of functional performance in the elderly
Orssatto, L. B. R., Bezerra, E. S., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Diefenthaeler, F. (2020) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105073 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationBandeira-Guimarães, M., Blanco-Rambo, E., Vieira, A. F., Sáez de Asteasu, M. L., Pinto, R. S., Izquierdo, M., & Cadore, E. L. (2023) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-023-00646-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMorrison, R. T., Taylor, S., Buckley, J., Twist, C., & Kite, C. (2023) · Journal of Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2023.05.018 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“A more recent systematic review included 14 trials, but the selection criteria excluded studies where external loading was , 60% of 1RM.(48) Although heavier loads are superior to improve maximum strength,(50) lower resistance training loads (, 60% of 1RM) still provide substantial increases in muscular strength and p…”
Background
- Authors
- da Rosa Orssatto, L. B., de la Rocha Freitas, C., Shield, A. J., Silveira Pinto, R., & Trajano, G. S.
- Affiliations
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- Venue
- Experimental Gerontology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 127
- Pages
- 110731
- ISSN
- 0531-5565 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2971989276
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Experimental Gerontology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- resistance training, concentric velocity, older adults, functional capacity, muscle power, explosive strength, lower limb strength, Short Physical Performance Battery, Timed Up and Go test, chair stand, fall risk, sarcopenia, frailty, age-related functional decline, publication bias, effect size heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Walking Speed, Stair Climbing, Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Humans, Middle Aged, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Strength, Resistance Training, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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