Relationship of Early-Life Residence and Educational Experience to Level and Change in Cognitive Functioning: Results of the Minority Aging Research Study
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Objective: Investigate associations of early-life residence and school segregation with cognitive change in the Minority Aging Research Study. Methods: Four hundred ninety-eight blacks (age ~ 73.5; 75% = women) without dementia at baseline self-reported State of birth, residence at age 12, and school segregation status. Census Bureau definitions of South and Northeast/Midwest were used to categorize early-life residence. We evaluated global cognition and five cognitive domains at baseline and annually for ~7.5 years. Linear mixed effects models examined the associations of region of birth and residence at age 12 with baseline level and longitudinal change in cognition. Additional models examined school segregation experience. Results: ~65% of Southern-born participants still lived in the South at age 12. Southern birth was associated with lower baseline global cognition and all cognitive domains (p-values ≤ .02) compared to Northern birth, but not cognitive change. A similar profile was seen for Southern residence at age 12. Segregation experience significantly modified associations of residence at age 12 on levels of cognition. Participants residing in the South attending a legally desegregated school demonstrated lower baseline levels of cognition (global, semantic, and working memory) than their Northeast/Midwest counterparts attending a legally desegregated or segregated school as well as their Southern counterparts attending a legally segregated school. This profile for participants attending a desegregated school in the South held for processing speed and visuospatial ability in comparisons to Northeast/Midwest counterparts, particularly those attending a legally desegregated school. Conclusion: Baseline cognition was poorer in individuals born and residing in the South, particularly those attending desegregated schools at age 12.
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Structural racism influences environmental factors, access to quality health care, employment prospects, occupational safety, wealth transfer, treatment by the legal system, and exposure to violence.
“Structural racism influences environmental factors such as where people can live, the quality of schools in their communities, and exposure to harmful toxicants and pollutants.It also influences access to quality health care, employment prospects, occupational safety, the ability to pass wealth to subsequent generations, treatment by the legal system and exposure to violence.”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [312]
The Abstract (page not provided) describes segregation, unequal school resources, economic opportunities and violence in the Jim Crow South. The Discussion (page not provided) also considers possible exposure to environmental toxins, but does not establish structural racism as its cause. The paper does not address access to quality health care, occupational safety, intergenerational wealth transfer or treatment by the legal system. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome studies indicate that early life experiences with residential and school segregation can have detrimental effects on the cognitive health of Black Americans in later life.
“For example, some studies indicate that early life experiences with residential and school segregation can have detrimental effects on the cognitive health of Black Americans in later life.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [338]
The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) link childhood residence in the South and its interaction with school segregation status to lower cognitive performance in later life among Black adults. The study measured region of residence, not residential segregation, and found no independent association between school segregation status and cognition; the strongest association was among Southern participants who attended legally desegregated schools. It found associations with baseline cognition, not cognitive decline. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome studies indicate that early life experiences with residential and school segregation can have detrimental effects on the cognitive health of Black Americans in later life.
“some studies indicate that early life experiences with residential and school segregation can have detrimental effects on the cognitive health of Black Americans in later life.”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [312]
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- Authors
- Lamar, M., Lerner, A. J., James, B. D., Yu, L., Glover, C. M., Wilson, R. S., & Barnes, L. L.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lamar, Melissa
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology: Series B
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-03-18
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e81-e92
- ISSN
- 1079-5014 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-5368
- PMC
- PMC7424266
- OpenAlex
- W2922518020
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 3.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series B (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (RF1 AG022018)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
- Keywords
- school segregation, cognitive aging, cognitive change, desegregation, Black older adults, regional variation, cognitive domain
- MeSH terms
- Cognitive Aging, Social Segregation, Mental Status and Dementia Tests, Age Factors, Aged, Aging, Black or African American, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Sex Factors, United States, Southeastern United States, Midwestern United States
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