Implicit Racial Bias as a Moderator of the Association Between Racial Discrimination and Hypertension: A Study of Midlife African American Men
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Empirical findings on racial discrimination and hypertension risk have been inconsistent. Some studies have found no association between self-reported experiences of discrimination and cardiovascular health outcomes, whereas others have found moderated or curvilinear relationships. The current cross-sectional study examined whether the association between racial discrimination and hypertension is moderated by implicit racial bias among African American midlife men. METHODS: This study examined the data on 91 African American men between 30 and 50 years of age. Primary variables were self-reported experiences of racial discrimination and unconscious racial bias as measured by the Black-White Implicit Association Test. Modified Poisson regression models were specified, examining hypertension, defined as a mean resting systolic level of at least 140 mm Hg or diastolic level of at least 90 mm Hg, or self-reported history of cardiovascular medication use with a physician diagnosis of hypertension. RESULTS: No main effects for discrimination or implicit racial bias were found, but the interaction of the two variables was significantly related to hypertension (χ(2)(1) = 4.89, p < .05). Among participants with an implicit antiblack bias, more frequent reports of discrimination were associated with a higher probability of hypertension, whereas among those with an implicit problack bias, it was associated with lower risk. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of experiencing racial discrimination and holding an antiblack bias may have particularly detrimental consequences on hypertension among African American midlife men, whereas holding an implicit problack bias may buffer the effects of racial discrimination. Efforts to address both internalized racial bias and racial discrimination may lower cardiovascular risk in this population.
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The possibility that the relationship between racism and blood pressure may be curvilinear was not explored in the current meta-analysis due to limitations in the statistical analysis program used.
“Although some research has suggested the relationship between racism and blood pressure may be curvilinear [121, 281, 304, 402–403], this possibility was not explored in the current meta-analysis due to limitations in the statistical analysis program we utilized.”
From Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [402]
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- Authors
- Chae, D. H., Nuru-Jeter, A. M., & Adler, N. E.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chae, David H.
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 961-964
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3501216
- OpenAlex
- W2018722832
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 7.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (K01AG041787)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- racial discrimination, hypertension, implicit racial bias, African American men, middle-aged men, cardiovascular risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Awareness, Black or African American, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Hypertension, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, San Francisco, Poisson Distribution, White People, Health Status Disparities, Racism
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