Alzheimer disease in African American individuals: increased incidence or not enough data?
Open accessAbstract
Research on racial differences in Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia has increased in recent years. Older African American individuals bear a disproportionate burden of AD and cognitive impairment compared with non-Latino white individuals. Tremendous progress has been made over the past two decades in our understanding of the neurobiological substrates of AD. However, owing to well-documented challenges of study participant recruitment and a persistent lack of biological data in the African American population, knowledge of the drivers of these racial disparities has lagged behind. Therapeutic targets and effective interventions for AD are increasingly sought, but without a better understanding of the disease in African American individuals, any identified treatments and/or cures will evade this rapidly growing at-risk population. In this Perspective, I introduce three key obstacles to progress in understanding racial differences in AD: uncertainty about diagnostic criteria, disparate cross-sectional and longitudinal findings; and a dearth of neuropathological data. I also highlight evidence-informed strategies to move the field forward.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Accurately measuring the current and future Alzheimer's burden in the United States requires adequate data from Asian, Black, Hispanic, Native American, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander communities.
“accurately measuring the current and future burden of Alzheimer's disease in the United States requires adequate data from Asian, Black, Hispanic, Native American, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander communities.214”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [214]
The Introduction says the older US population is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse and that African American individuals are under-represented in Alzheimer’s research. The Recruitment of study cohorts section calls for diverse, representative study samples. The paper does not specifically say that data from every community listed are required to measure the current and future US burden accurately; its argument focuses chiefly on African American individuals. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWithout adequate data from diverse racial and ethnic groups, the current and future burden of Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's dementia in the United States cannot be accurately measured.
“First, without adequate data from diverse racial and ethnic groups, the current and future burden of Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's dementia in the United States cannot be accurately measured.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [234]
The Conclusion (page unavailable) says gaps and inconsistencies in data prevent confidence in estimates of how much higher Alzheimer disease incidence is among African American individuals. The Introduction (page unavailable) gives current and projected US figures, but the paper does not say that the overall current and future US burden cannot be accurately measured across diverse racial and ethnic groups. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12068 · Cited by 2,353 · see citing works
Nelson, P. T., Alafuzoff, I., Bigio, E. H., Bouras, C., Braak, H., Cairns, N. J., Castellani, R. J., Crain, B. J., Davies, P., Tredici, K. D., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e31825018f7 · Cited by 2,050 · see citing works
How Structural Racism Works — Racist Policies as a Root Cause of U.S. Racial Health Inequities
Bailey, Z. D., Feldman, J. M., & Bassett, M. T. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmms2025396 · Cited by 1,598 · see citing works
Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: Review
Arvanitakis, Z., Shah, R. C., & Bennett, D. A. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.4782 · Cited by 1,451 · see citing works
Inequalities in dementia incidence between six racial and ethnic groups over 14 years
Mayeda, E. R., Glymour, M. M., Quesenberry, C. P., & Whitmer, R. A. (2016) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.12.007 · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Race and health: Basic questions, emerging directions
Williams, D. R. (1997) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(97)00051-3 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Manly, J. J., Jacobs, D. M., Touradji, P., Small, S. A., & Stern, Y. (2002) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617702813157 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Thornton, R. L. J., Glover, C. M., Cené, C. W., Glik, D. C., Henderson, J. A., & Williams, D. R. (2016) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1357 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Preclinical Alzheimer's disease and its outcome: a longitudinal cohort study
Vos, S. J., Xiong, C., Visser, P. J., Jasielec, M. S., Hassenstab, J., Grant, E. A., Cairns, N. J., Morris, J. C., Holtzman, D. M., & Fagan, A. M. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70194-7 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Babulal, G. M., Quiroz, Y. T., Albensi, B. C., Arenaza‐Urquijo, E., Astell, A. J., Babiloni, C., Bahar‐Fuchs, A., Bell, J., Bowman, G. L., Brickman, A. M., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.09.009 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Life Course Approaches to the Causes of Health Disparities
Jones, N. L., Gilman, S. E., Cheng, T. L., Drury, S. S., Hill, C. V., & Geronimus, A. T. (2019) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304738 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
The National Institute on Aging Health Disparities Research Framework
Hill, C. V., Pérez‐Stable, E. J., Norman A. Anderson, P., & Bernard, M. (2015) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.25.3.245 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Brickman, A. M., Manly, J. J., Honig, L. S., Sanchez, D., Reyes‐Dumeyer, D., Lantigua, R. A., Lao, P. J., Stern, Y., Vonsattel, J. P., Teich, A. F., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12301 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Assessment of Racial Disparities in Biomarkers for Alzheimer Disease
Morris, J. C., Schindler, S. E., McCue, L. M., Moulder, K. L., Benzinger, T. L. S., Cruchaga, C., Fagan, A. M., Grant, E., Gordon, B. A., Holtzman, D. M., et al. (2019) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.4249 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s Disease In African Americans: Risk Factors And Challenges For The Future
Barnes, L. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2014) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1353 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Self-citationWeuve, J., Barnes, L. L., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Rajan, K. B., Beck, T., Aggarwal, N. T., Hebert, L. E., Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., & Evans, D. A. (2018) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000747 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Self-citationBarnes, L. L., Shah, R. C., Aggarwal, N. T., Bennett, D. A., & Schneider, J. A. (2012) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720512801322627 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Self-citationGilmore‐Bykovskyi, A. L., Jin, Y., Gleason, C. E., Benton, S. F., Block, L., Dilworth‐Anderson, P., Barnes, L. L., Shah, M. N., & Zuelsdorff, M. L. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2019.09.018 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Self-citationMindt, M. R., Byrd, D., Saez, P. A., & Manly, J. J. (2010) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040903058960 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Karlamangla, A. S., Miller‐Martinez, D., Aneshensel, C. S., Seeman, T. E., Wight, R. G., & Chodosh, J. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp154 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Sisco, S., Gross, A. L., Shih, R. A., Sachs, B. C., Glymour, M. M., Bangen, K. J., Benitez, A., Skinner, J., Schneider, B. C., & Manly, J. J. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt133 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Acculturation, reading level, and neuropsychological test performance among African American elders
Manly, J. J., Byrd, D. A., Touradji, P., & Stern, Y. (2004) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15324826an1101_5 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Kunkle, B. W., Schmidt, M. A., Klein, H., Naj, A. C., Hamilton‐Nelson, K. L., Larson, E. B., Evans, D. A., Jager, P. L. D., Crane, P. K., Buxbaum, J. D., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.3536 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citationRajan, K. B., Weuve, J., Barnes, L. L., Wilson, R. S., & Evans, D. A. (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.216 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationMixed pathology is more likely in black than white decedents with Alzheimer dementia
Barnes, L. L., Leurgans, S., Aggarwal, N. T., Shah, R. C., Arvanitakis, Z., James, B. D., Buchman, A. S., Bennett, D. A., & Schneider, J. A. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001834 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationFerraro, K. F., & Farmer, M. M. (1996) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/51b.6.s319 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Perceived Discrimination and Cognition in Older African Americans
Barnes, L. L., Lewis, T. T., Begeny, C. T., Yu, L., Bennett, D. A., & Wilson, R. S. (2012) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617712000628 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationMethodological issues in screening for dementia: The problem of education adjustment
Kittner, S. J., White, L. R., Farmer, M. E., WOLZ, M. M., Kaplan, E., Moes, E. J., Brody, J. A., & Feinleib, M. (1986) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(86)90019-6 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Neighborhood Greenness and Chronic Health Conditions in Medicare Beneficiaries
Brown, S. C., Lombard, J. L., Wang, K., Byrne, M. M., Toro, M., Plater-Zyberk, E., Feaster, D. J., Kardys, J., Nardi, M. I., Gomez, G. P., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.02.008 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Howell, J. C., Watts, K. D., Parker, M. W., Wu, J., Kollhoff, A. L., Wingo, T. S., Dorbin, C. D., Qiu, D., & Hu, W. T. (2017) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0315-1 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
The ARIC-PET amyloid imaging study
Gottesman, R. F., Schneider, A. L. C., Zhou, Y., Chen, X., Green, E., Gupta, N., Knopman, D. S., Mintz, A., Rahmim, A., Sharrett, A. R., et al. (2016) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000002914 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Deconstructing Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Measurement of Health Outcomes
Manly, J. J. (2006) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000245427.22788.be · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Association of Neighborhood-Level Disadvantage With Cerebral and Hippocampal Volume
Hunt, J. F. V., Buckingham, W. J., Kim, A. J., Oh, J. M., Vogt, N. M., Jonaitis, E. M., Hunt, T. K. A., Zuelsdorff, M. L., Powell, W. R., Norton, D., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.4501 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Remote Blood Biomarkers of Longitudinal Cognitive Outcomes in a Population Study
Rajan, K. B., Aggarwal, N. T., McAninch, E. A., Weuve, J., Barnes, L. L., Wilson, R. S., DeCarli, C. S., & Evans, D. A. (2020) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25874 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationKershaw, K. N., Robinson, W. R., Gordon‐Larsen, P., Hicken, M. T., Goff, D. C., Carnethon, M. R., Kiefe, C. I., Sidney, S. S., & Roux, A. V. D. (2017) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1226 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Turner, A. D., James, B. D., Capuano, A. W., Aggarwal, N. T., & Barnes, L. L. (2016) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2016.10.003 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationGross, A. L., Mungas, D., Crane, P. K., Gibbons, L. E., MacKay‐Brandt, A., Manly, J. J., Mukherjee, S., Romero, H., Sachs, B. C., Thomas, M., et al. (2015) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000032 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Effects of early-life adversity on cognitive decline in older African Americans and whites
Barnes, L. L., Wilson, R. S., Everson‐Rose, S. A., Hayward, M. D., Evans, D. A., & de Leon, C. F. M. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318278b607 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationEducation differentially contributes to cognitive reserve across racial/ethnic groups
Avila, J. F., Rentería, M. A., Jones, R. N., Vonk, J. M. J., Turney, I. C., Sol, K., Šeblová, D., Arias, F., Hill‐Jarrett, T. G., Levy, S.-A. T., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12176 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Demographic predictors of cognitive change in ethnically diverse older persons.
Early, D. R., Widaman, K. F., Harvey, D. J., Beckett, L. A., Park, L. Q., Farias, S. T., Reed, B., DeCarli, C. S., & Mungas, D. (2013) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0031645 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Progress and future challenges in aging and diversity research in the United States
Brewster, P. W. H., Barnes, L. L., Haan, M. N., Johnson, J. K., Manly, J. J., Nápoles, A. M., Whitmer, R. A., Carvajal‐Carmona, L. G., Early, D. R., Farias, S. T., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.221 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationGarrett, S. L., McDaniel, D. J., Obideen, M., Trammell, A. R., Shaw, L. M. J., Goldstein, F. C., & Hajjar, I. M. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.17363 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Geronimus, A. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301380 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Psychosocial Pathways to Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in Late-Life Memory Trajectories
Zahodne, L. B., Sol, K., & Kraal, A. Z. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx113 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Neuropathologic differences by race from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center
Graff‐Radford, N. R., Besser, L. M., Crook, J. E., Kukull, W. A., & Dickson, D. W. (2016) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.004 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Gleason, C. E., Norton, D., Zuelsdorff, M. L., Benton, S. F., Wyman, M. F., Nystrom, N. C., Lambrou, N. H., Salazar, H., Koscik, R. L., Jonaitis, E. M., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.07.015 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
COVID-19, Social Determinants Past, Present, and Future, and African Americans’ Health
Snowden, L. R., & Graaf, G. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00923-3 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Racial Differences in Cognitive Decline in a Sample of Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Sachs‐Ericsson, N., & Blazer, D. G. (2005) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200511000-00007 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Disparities Among Older Adults in Measures of Cognitive Function by Race or Ethnicity
Sloan, F. A., & Wang, J. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/60.5.p242 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Caunca, M. R., Odden, M. C., Glymour, M. M., Elfassy, T., Kershaw, K. N., Sidney, S., Yaffe, K., Launer, L., & Zeki Al Hazzouri, A. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0860 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Ethnic Differences in Cognitive Function Over Time
Masel, M. C., & Peek, M. K. (2009) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.06.008 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF NEURITIC PLAQUES AND NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES IN AN AUTOPSY POPULATION
DeWOLFE MILLER, F., HICKS, S. P., D'AMATO, C. J., & LANDIS, J. R. (1984) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113897 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lamar, M., Lerner, A. J., James, B. D., Yu, L., Glover, C. M., Wilson, R. S., & Barnes, L. L. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbz031 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationFyffe, D. C., Mukherjee, S., Barnes, L. L., Manly, J. J., Bennett, D. A., & Crane, P. K. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711000476 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationSocioeconomic Status Mediates Racial Differences Seen Using the AT(N) Framework
Meeker, K. L., Wisch, J. K., Hudson, D., Coble, D. W., Xiong, C., Babulal, G. M., Gordon, B. A., Schindler, S. E., Cruchaga, C., Flores, S. E., et al. (2020) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25948 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Genetics of Alzheimer’s Disease in Caribbean Hispanic and African American Populations
Reitz, C., & Mayeux, R. P. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.06.003 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Sandberg, G., Stewart, W., Smialek, J., & Troncoso, J. C. (2001) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00236-0 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Analysis of the Influence of Race on Cognitive Performance
Castora‐Binkley, M., Peronto, C. L., Edwards, J. D., & Small, B. J. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt112 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Zahodne, L. B., Manly, J. J., Azar, M., Brickman, A. M., & Glymour, M. M. (2016) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14113 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Chin, A. L.-C., Negash, S., Xie, S. X., Arnold, S. E., & Hamilton, R. H. (2012) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711001688 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Racial Differences in the Progression of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer Disease
Barnes, L. L., Wilson, R. S., Li, Y., Aggarwal, N. T., Gilley, D. W., McCann, J. J., & Evans, D. A. (2005) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200511000-00006 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal and local ancestry in African‐Americans: Implications for Alzheimer's disease risk
Hohman, T. J., Bailey, J. N. C., Reitz, C., Jun, G., Naj, A. C., Beecham, G. W., Liu, Z., Carney, R. M., Vance, J. M., Cuccaro, M. L., et al. (2015) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.02.012 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationMayeda, E. R., Filshtein, T. J., Tripodis, Y., Glymour, M. M., & Gross, A. L. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy124 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Sawyer, K., Sachs‐Ericsson, N., Preacher, K. J., & Blazer, D. G. (2008) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000137666 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cognitive aging in older Black and White persons.
Wilson, R. S., Capuano, A. W., Sytsma, J., Bennett, D. A., & Barnes, L. L. (2015) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000024 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationPool, L. R., Carnethon, M., Goff, D., Gordon-Larsen, P., Robinson, W., & Kershaw, K. N. (2017) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000792 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cultural Diversity and Views on Alzheimer Disease in Older African Americans
Rovner, B. W., Casten, R. J., & Harris, L. F. (2012) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e3182654794 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Racial differences in the etiology of dementia and frequency of Alzheimer lesions in the brain.
de la Monte, S. M., Hutchins, G. M., & Moore, G. W. (1989) · PubMed Central · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Autopsy Recruitment Program for African Americans
Bonner, G. J., Darkwa, O. K., & Gorelick, P. B. (2000) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-200010000-00003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Neuropathology of Alzheimer Disease in African American and White Individuals
Wilkins, C. H., Grant, E., Schmitt, S. E., McKeel, D. W., & Morris, J. C. (2006) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.63.1.87 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Green‐Harris, G., Coley, S. L., Koscik, R. L., Norris, N. C., Houston, S. L., Sager, M. A., Johnson, S. C., & Edwards, D. F. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00125 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Denny, A., Streitz, M. L., Stock, K., Balls‐Berry, J. E., Barnes, L. L., Byrd, G. S., Croff, R. L., Gao, S., Glover, C. M., Hendrie, H. C., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12160 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationChapman, B. P., Huang, A., Peters, K. D., Horner, E. M., Manly, J. J., Bennett, D. A., & Lapham, S. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3120 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Lumbar Puncture Participation in Alzheimer’s Disease Research
Blazel, M., Lazar, K. K., Hulle, C. A. V., Ma, Y., Cole, A., Spalitta, A., Davenport‐Sis, N. J., Bendlin, B. B., Wahoske, M. L., Illingworth, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200394 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Alzheimer Neuropathologic Lesions Is Similar in Blacks and Whites
Riudavets, M. A., Rubio, A. I., Cox, C., Rudow, G. L., Fowler, D. R., & Troncoso, J. C. (2006) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/01.jnen.0000248548.20799.a3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy in Black and White decedents
Nag, S., Barnes, L. L., Yu, L., Wilson, R. S., Bennett, D. A., & Schneider, J. A. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000010602 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationRacial Differences in the Progression of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer Disease
Barnes, L. L. (2005) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.11.959 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationExamining Cognitive Decline Across Black and White Participants in the Harvard Aging Brain Study
Amariglio, R. E., Buckley, R. F., Rabin, J. S., Papp, K. V., Quiroz, Y. T., Mormino, E. C., Sparks, K. P., Johnson, K. A., Rentz, D. M., & Sperling, R. A. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-191291 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Johnson, J. K., Nápoles, A. M., Stewart, A. L., Max, W. B., Santoyo‐Olsson, J., Freyre, R., Allison, T. A., & Gregorich, S. E. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2395-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Secular trends in cognitive trajectories of diverse older adults
Vonk, J. M. J., Rentería, M. A., Avila, J. F., Schupf, N., Noble, J. M., Mayeux, R. P., Brickman, A. M., & Manly, J. J. (2019) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.4944 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Race-Related Disparities in 5-Year Cognitive Level and Change in Untrained Active Participants
Marsiske, M., Dzierzewski, J. M., Thomas, K. R., Kasten, L. E., Jones, R. N., Johnson, K. E., Willis, S. L., Whitfield, K. E., Ball, K., & Rebok, G. W. (2013) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264313497794 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kumar, V. V., Huang, H., Zhao, L., Verble, D. D., Nutaitis, A. C., Tharwani, S. D., Brown, A. L., Zetterberg, H., Hu, W. T., Shin, R. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-191103 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Child, S. T., Kaczynski, A. T., Fair, M. L., Stowe, E. W., Hughey, S. M., Boeckermann, L. M., Wills, S., & Reeder, Y. (2017) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2017.1351923 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Croff, R. L., Witter, P., Walker, M. L., Francois, E., Quinn, C., Riley, T., Sharma, N., & Kaye, J. A. (2018) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gny069 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Robinson, R. A. S., Williams, I. C., Cameron, J. L., Ward, K., Knox, M. L., Terry, M. H., Tamres, L. K., Mbawuike, U., Garrett, M., & Lingler, J. H. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12076 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Glover, C. M., Shah, R. C., Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., & Barnes, L. L. (2020) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.30.s2.709 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationCaveats in the neuropsychological assessment of African Americans.
Campbell, A. L., Ocampo, C., Rorie, K. D., Lewis, S. A., Combs, S., Ford-Booker, P., Briscoe, J., Lewis-Jack, O., Brown, A., Wood, D., et al. (2002) · PubMed Central · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Multiple Influences on Cognitive Function Among Urban-Dwelling African Americans
Wright, R. S., Waldstein, S. R., Gerassimakis, C., Sprung, M. R., Moody, D. L. B., Taylor, A. D., Al-Najjar, E., McNeely, J. M., Zhang, Z., Evans, M. K., et al. (2019) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-019-00584-x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Glover, C. M., Shah, R. C., Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., & Barnes, L. L. (2020) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2020.1747266 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationVascular and Alzheimer-type pathology in an autopsy study of African-Americans
Pytel, P., Cochran, E. J., Bonner, G., et al. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000196472.93744.57 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Black-white mental status trajectories: What ages do differences emerge?
Byrd, D. R., Gee, G. C., & Tarraf, W. (2018) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.09.008 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effect of Medicare Part D on Ethnoracial Disparities in Antidementia Medication Use
Lind, K. E., Hildreth, K. L., Lindrooth, R. C., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15494 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [9]Zuelsdorff, M., Barnes, L. L., & Okonkwo, O. C. In Clinical Cultural Neuroscience: An Integrative Approach to Cross-Cultural Neuropsychology (ed. Pedraza, O.) 233–251 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2020).
- [82]Massey, D. S. & Denton, N. A. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Harvard Univ. Press, 1993).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13016 · Cited by 3,212 · see citing works
2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13809 · Cited by 2,536 · see citing works
Cicero, E. C., Lett, E., Flatt, J. D., Benson, G. P., & Epps, F. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbad012 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Barnes, L. L.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barnes, Lisa L.
- ORCID
- Barnes, Lisa L.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neurology
- Published
- 2021-12-06
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 56-62
- ISSN
- 1759-4758 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-4766
- PMC
- PMC8647782
- OpenAlex
- W4200594722
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 13
- FWCI
- 4.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, African Americans, racial disparities, dementia incidence, cognitive impairment, participant recruitment, neuropathology, diagnostic criteria, neural correlates, underrepresented populations in research
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Black or African American, Data Collection, Ethnicity, Humans, Middle Aged, United States, Incidence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
