A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children
Open accessAbstract
Because children are becoming overweight, unhealthy, and unfit, understanding the neurocognitive benefits of an active lifestyle in childhood has important public health and educational implications. Animal research has indicated that aerobic exercise is related to increased cell proliferation and survival in the hippocampus as well as enhanced hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Recent evidence extends this relationship to elderly humans by suggesting that high aerobic fitness levels in older adults are associated with increased hippocampal volume and superior memory performance. The present study aimed to further extend the link between fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory to a sample of preadolescent children. To this end, magnetic resonance imaging was employed to investigate whether higher- and lower-fit 9- and 10-year-old children showed differences in hippocampal volume and if the differences were related to performance on an item and relational memory task. Relational but not item memory is primarily supported by the hippocampus. Consistent with predictions, higher-fit children showed greater bilateral hippocampal volumes and superior relational memory task performance compared to lower-fit children. Hippocampal volume was also positively associated with performance on the relational but not the item memory task. Furthermore, bilateral hippocampal volume was found to mediate the relationship between fitness level (VO(2) max) and relational memory. No relationship between aerobic fitness, nucleus accumbens volume, and memory was reported, which strengthens the hypothesized specific effect of fitness on the hippocampus. The findings are the first to indicate that aerobic fitness may relate to the structure and function of the preadolescent human brain.
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Chaddock et al. found improvements in relational but not item memory in children.
“Chaddock et al. (91) found improvements in relational, but not item memory in children.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [91]
Children with low physical activity levels have poorer academic achievement and inferior cognitive performance than physically fit children.
“Children who have low physical activity levels have poorer academic achievement scores and inferior cognitive performance as compared to physically fit children (70, 84, 91, 92, 100, 144, 172, 174, 237, 238, 273, 417, 565).”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [91]
Hippocampal volume is positively correlated with physical fitness in adults and in 10-year-old children.
“hippocampal volume is positively correlated with physical fitness in adults (163) and children 10-yr olds (91)”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [91]
Children with high cardiorespiratory fitness levels demonstrate larger brain volumes in the areas involved with memory and executive function and better memory task performance compared with children with low fitness levels.
“These children demonstrate larger brain volumes in the areas involved with memory and executive function and better memory task performance compared with children with low fitness levels.70”
From Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
Being physically active and physically fit is positively associated with brain structure and function in children with high cardiorespiratory fitness levels (as shown in higher VO2max).
“Being physically active and physically fit is positively associated with brain structure and function in children with high cardiorespiratory fitness levels (as shown in higher VO2max).”
From Physical activity and health in Chinese children and adolescents: expert consensus statement (2020) (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
In preadolescent children and young adults, aerobic exercise is selectively associated with improved performances on contextual memory tasks and not with less hippocampus dependent tasks such as attention, verbal memory, or item recognition tasks.
“Moreover, some studies have demonstrated in preadolescent children and young adults that AE is selectively associated with improved performances on contextual (Chaddock et al., 2010, 2011; Monti et al., 2012) and spatial (Stroth et al., 2009; Herting and Nagel, 2012) memory tasks and not with less hippocampus dependent tasks such as attention, verbal memory, or item recognition tasks.”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Chaddock et al., 2010
Higher levels of aerobic fitness have been consistently associated with larger hippocampal or temporal lobe volumes in healthy adolescent and older adults.
“Higher levels of aerobic fitness have been consistently associated with larger hippocampal or temporal lobe volumes in healthy adolescent (Chaddock et al., 2010) and older adults (Colcombe et al., 2003; Bugg and Head, 2011; Head et al., 2012; Niemann et al., 2014).”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Chaddock et al., 2010
Hippocampal growth induced by aerobic exercise correlates with greater performance on contextual memory tasks.
“Several studies have also shown that hippocampal growth induced by AE correlates with a greater performance on spatial memory tasks such as a virtual Morris Water Maze task (Erickson and Kramer, 2009; Szabo et al., 2011; Herting and Nagel, 2012) and on contextual memory tasks (Chaddock et al., 2010) with correlations ranging from r = 0.12 to r = 0.36.”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Chaddock et al., 2010
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Self-citationBasal Ganglia Volume Is Associated with Aerobic Fitness in Preadolescent Children
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“70 2.”
Cognitively challenging physical activity benefits executive function in overweight children
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“…induced by AE correlates with a greater performance on spatial memory tasks such as a virtual Morris Water Maze task (Erickson and Kramer, 2009; Szabo et al., 2011; Herting and Nagel, 2012) and on contextual memory tasks (Chaddock et al., 2010) with correlations ranging from r = 0.12 to r = 0.36.”
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- Authors
- Chaddock, L., Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., Kim, J. S., Voss, M. W., VanPatter, M., Pontifex, M. B., Raine, L. B., Konkel, A., Hillman, C. H., Cohen, N. J., & Kramer, A. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kramer, Arthur F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 1358
- Pages
- 172-183
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3953557
- OpenAlex
- W2141037528
- Cited by
- 687
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 9.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD069381)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- cardiorespiratory fitness, hippocampal volume, relational memory, item memory, preadolescents, VO2max, nucleus accumbens, hippocampal-dependent memory, children's physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Association Learning, Brain Mapping, Calorimetry, Indirect, Child, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Models, Biological, Neuropsychological Tests, Nucleus Accumbens, Oxygen Consumption, Statistics as Topic, Exercise
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