The DOI matches its Crossref record; 200 of the 202 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Transcriptional Regulatory Elements in the Human Genome
Abstract
The faithful execution of biological processes requires a precise and carefully orchestrated set of steps that depend on the proper spatial and temporal expression of genes. Here we review the various classes of transcriptional regulatory elements (core promoters, proximal promoters, distal enhancers, silencers, insulators/boundary elements, and locus control regions) and the molecular machinery (general transcription factors, activators, and coactivators) that interacts with the regulatory elements to mediate precisely controlled patterns of gene expression. The biological importance of transcriptional regulation is highlighted by examples of how alterations in these transcriptional components can lead to disease. Finally, we discuss the methods currently used to identify transcriptional regulatory elements, and the ability of these methods to be scaled up for the purpose of annotating the entire human genome.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Transcriptional regulatory elements are likely located within 35 kb upstream and 10 kb downstream of genes.
“since transcriptional regulatory elements are likely to be contained within these intervals and that there is thus merit in capturing the variation within these regions42.”
From Psychiatric genome-wide association study analyses implicate neuronal, immune and histone pathways (2015) · cites this paper as [42]
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Murayama, A., Kim, M. S., Yanagisawa, J., Takeyama, K.-I., & Kato, S. (2004) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600157 · Cited by 153
RetractedThe sequence of the human genome
Venter, J. C., Adams, M. D., Myers, E. W., Li, P. W., Mural, R. J., Sutton, G. G., Smith, H. O., Yandell, M., Evans, C. A., Holt, R. A., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1058040 · Cited by 13,909
A haplotype map of the human genome
The International HapMap Consortium (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04226 · Cited by 5,858
Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2
Amir, R. E., Van den Veyver, I. B., Wan, M., Tran, C. Q., Francke, U., & Zoghbi, H. Y. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/13810 · Cited by 4,990
Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03001 · Cited by 4,971
Core Transcriptional Regulatory Circuitry in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Boyer, L. A., Lee, T. I., Cole, M. F., Johnstone, S. E., Levine, S. S., Zucker, J. P., Guenther, M. G., Kumar, R. M., Murray, H. L., Jenner, R. G., et al. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.020 · Cited by 4,505
Evolutionarily conserved elements in vertebrate, insect, worm, and yeast genomes
Siepel, A., Bejerano, G., Pedersen, J. S., Hinrichs, A. S., Hou, M., Rosenbloom, K., Clawson, H., Spieth, J., Hillier, L. W., Richards, S., et al. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.3715005 · Cited by 3,971 · cited 2×
“A number of programs have been developed to perform such analyses, such as FootPrinter (21) and PhastCons (165).”
Recurrent Fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS Transcription Factor Genes in Prostate Cancer
Tomlins, S. A., Rhodes, D. R., Perner, S., Dhanasekaran, S. M., Mehra, R., Sun, X.-W., Varambally, S., Cao, X., Tchinda, J., Kuefer, R., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1117679 · Cited by 3,846
Bennett, C. L., Christie, J., Ramsdell, F., Brunkow, M., Ferguson, P., Whitesell, L., Kelly, T., Saulsbury, F., Chance, P., & Ochs, H. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/83713 · Cited by 3,576
The Transcriptional Landscape of the Mammalian Genome
Carninci, P., Kasukawa, T., Katayama, S., Gough, J., Frith, M. C., Maeda, N., Oyama, R., Ravasi, T., Lenhard, B., Wells, C. A., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1112014 · Cited by 3,492
CpG Islands in vertebrate genomes
Gardiner‐Garden, M., & Frommer, M. (1987) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(87)90689-9 · Cited by 3,417
Mutations in the DJ-1 Gene Associated with Autosomal Recessive Early-Onset Parkinsonism
Bonifati, V., Rizzu, P., van Baren, M. J., Schaap, O., Breedveld, G. J., Krieger, E., Dekker, M. C. J., Squitieri, F., Ibáñez, P., Joosse, M., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1077209 · Cited by 2,854
Methylated DNA and MeCP2 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription
Jones, P. L., Veenstra, G. J. C., Wade, P. A., Vermaak, D., Kass, S. U., Landsberger, N., Strouboulis, J., & Wolffe, A. P. (1998) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/561 · Cited by 2,791
Quandt, K., Frech, K., Karas, H., Wingender, E., & Werner, T. (1995) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/23.23.4878 · Cited by 2,587
Position-independent, high-level expression of the human β-globin gene in transgenic mice
Grosveld, F. G., van Assendelft, G. B., Greaves, D. R., & Kollias, G. A. (1987) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90584-8 · Cited by 1,908
Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins: Regulators of Transcription in Eucaryotic Organisms
Massari, M. E., & Murre, C. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.2.429-440.2000 · Cited by 1,848
JASPAR: an open-access database for eukaryotic transcription factor binding profiles
Sandelin, A. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkh012 · Cited by 1,804
Genome-Wide Location and Function of DNA Binding Proteins
Ren, B., Robert, F., Wyrick, J. J., Aparicio, O. M., Jennings, E. G., Simon, I., Zeitlinger, J., Schreiber, J., Hannett, N. M., Kanin, E. I., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5500.2306 · Cited by 1,768
Methylation of a CTCF-dependent boundary controls imprinted expression of the Igf2 gene
Bell, A. C., & Felsenfeld, G. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35013100 · Cited by 1,746
Expression of a β-globin gene is enhanced by remote SV40 DNA sequences
Banerji, J., Rusconi, S., & Schaffner, W. (1981) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90413-x · Cited by 1,724
Campomelic dysplasia and autosomal sex reversal caused by mutations in an SRY-related gene
Foster, J. W., Dominguez-Steglich, M., Guioli, S., Kwok, C., Weller, P., Stevanović, M., Weissenbach, J., Mansour, S., Young, I., Goodfellow, P., et al. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372525a0 · Cited by 1,602
Wagner, T., Wirth, J., Meyer, J., Zabel, B., Held, M., Zimmer, J., Pasantes, J., Bricarelli, F. D., Keutel, J., Hustert, E., et al. (1994) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90041-8 · Cited by 1,592
DNA binding sites: representation and discovery
Stormo, G. D. (2000) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/16.1.16 · Cited by 1,519
Transcription factors: structural families and principles of DNA recognition.
Pabo, C., & Sauer, R. (1992) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.61.070192.005201 · Cited by 1,445
Banerji, J., Olson, L., & Schaffner, W. (1983) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90015-6 · Cited by 1,381
Distribution and intensity of constraint in mammalian genomic sequence
Cooper, G. M., Stone, E. A., Asimenos, G., Green, E. D., Batzoglou, S., & Sidow, A. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.3577405 · Cited by 1,359
Looping and Interaction between Hypersensitive Sites in the Active β-globin Locus
Tolhuis, B., Palstra, R.-J., Splinter, E., Grosveld, F., & de Laat, W. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00781-5 · Cited by 1,344
Congenital Heart Disease Caused by Mutations in the Transcription Factor NKX2-5
Schott, J., Benson, D. W., Basson, C. T., Pease, W., Silberbach, G. M., Moak, J. P., Maron, B. J., Seidman, C. E., & Seidman, J. G. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5373.108 · Cited by 1,305
Assessing computational tools for the discovery of transcription factor binding sites
Tompa, M., Li, N., Bailey, T. L., Church, G. M., De Moor, B., Eskin, E., Favorov, A. V., Frith, M. C., Fu, Y., Kent, W. J., et al. (2005) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1053 · Cited by 1,268
Transcriptional Control Signals of a Eukaryotic Protein-Coding Gene
McKnight, S. L., & Kingsbury, R. (1982) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6283634 · Cited by 1,259
NUCLEASE HYPERSENSITIVE SITES IN CHROMATIN
Gross, D. S., & Garrard, W. T. (1988) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.001111 · Cited by 1,233
The RNA Polymerase II Core Promoter
Smale, S. T., & Kadonaga, J. T. (2003) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161520 · Cited by 1,187
Lettice, L. A. (2003) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg180 · Cited by 1,164
Transcriptional activation by recruitment
Ptashne, M., & Gann, A. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/386569a0 · Cited by 1,158
The protein CTCF is required for the enhancer blocking activity of vertebrate insulators
Bell, A. C., West, A. G., & Felsenfeld, G. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81967-4 · Cited by 1,101
Cawley, S., Bekiranov, S., Ng, H. H., Kapranov, P., Sekinger, E. A., Kampa, D., Piccolboni, A., Sementchenko, V., Cheng, J., Williams, A. J., et al. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00127-8 · Cited by 1,095
MATCHTM: a tool for searching transcription factor binding sites in DNA sequences
Kel, A. E. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg585 · Cited by 1,095
TRANSFAC: a database on transcription factors and their DNA binding sites
Wingender, E. (1996) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/24.1.238 · Cited by 1,064
The general transcription factors of RNA polymerase II.Preprint
Orphanides, G. M., Lagrange, T., & Reinberg, D. (1996) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.10.21.2657 · Cited by 1,036
Virus induction of human IFNβ gene expression requires the assembly of an enhanceosome
Thanos, D., & Maniatis, T. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90136-1 · Cited by 1,014
Hughes, J. D., Estep, P. W., Tavazoie, S., & Church, G. M. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3519 · Cited by 1,008
Highly Conserved Non-Coding Sequences Are Associated with Vertebrate Development
Woolfe, A., Goodson, M., Goode, D. K., Snell, P., McEwen, G. K., Vavouri, T., Smith, S. F., North, P., Callaway, H., Kelly, K., et al. (2004) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030007 · Cited by 970
TRANSCRIPTION OF EUKARYOTIC PROTEIN-CODING GENES
Lee, T. I., & Young, R. A. (2000) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.77 · Cited by 889
Amiel, J., Laudier, B., Attié‐Bitach, T., Trang, H., de Pontual, L., Gener, B., Trochet, D., Etchevers, H., Ray, P. F., Simonneau, M., et al. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1130 · Cited by 855
Going the Distance: A Current View of Enhancer Action
Blackwood, E. M., & Kadonaga, J. T. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.281.5373.60 · Cited by 836
Orchestrated response: a symphony of transcription factors for gene controlPreprint
Lemon, B. D., & Tjian, R. (2000) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.831000 · Cited by 762
Interchromosomal associations between alternatively expressed loci
Spilianakis, C. G., Lalioti, M. D., Town, T., Lee, G. R., & Flavell, R. A. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03574 · Cited by 742
CpG islands as gene markers in the vertebrate nucleus
Bird, A. P. (1987) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/0168-9525(87)90294-0 · Cited by 678
The value of prior knowledge in discovering motifs with MEME.
Bailey, T. L., & Elkan, C. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 665
Gibbons, R. J., Picketts, D. J., Villard, L., & Higgs, D. R. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90287-2 · Cited by 628
Insulators: many functions, many mechanismsPreprint
West, A. G., Gaszner, M., & Felsenfeld, G. (2002) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.954702 · Cited by 624
Scanning Human Gene Deserts for Long-Range Enhancers
Nobrega, M. A., Ovcharenko, I., Afzal, V., & Rubin, E. M. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1088328 · Cited by 608
Perissi, V., Aggarwal, A. K., Glass, C. K., Rose, D. W., & Rosenfeld, M. G. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00133-3 · Cited by 584
Evidence for stabilizing selection in a eukaryotic enhancer element
Ludwig, M. Z., Bergman, C., Patel, N. H., & Kreitman, M. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35000615 · Cited by 574
The human PAX6 gene is mutated in two patients with aniridia
Jordan, T., Hanson, I. M., Zaletaev, D. V., Hodgson, S. V., Prosser, J., Seawright, A., Hastie, N. D., & van Heyningen, V. (1992) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0892-328 · Cited by 572
Transcriptional coactivator complexes.
Näär, A. M., Lemon, B. D., & Tjian, R. (2001) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.475 · Cited by 571
Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery
Hahn, S. (2004) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb763 · Cited by 546
Phylogenetic Shadowing of Primate Sequences to Find Functional Regions of the Human Genome
Boffelli, D., McAuliffe, J., Ovcharenko, D., Lewis, K. D., Ovcharenko, I., Pachter, L., & Rubin, E. M. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1081331 · Cited by 516
Familial dyserythropoietic anaemia and thrombocytopenia due to an inherited mutation in GATA1
Nichols, K. E., Crispino, J. D., Poncz, M., White, J. G., Orkin, S. H., Maris, J. M., & Weiss, M. J. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/73480 · Cited by 511
Allosteric effects of DNA on transcriptional regulators
Lefstin, J. A., & Yamamoto, K. R. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/31860 · Cited by 489
Dermitzakis, E. T., & Clark, A. G. (2002) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004169 · Cited by 463
Li, Q., Peterson, K. R., Fang, X., & Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-04-1104 · Cited by 456
Genomic deletion of a long-range bone enhancer misregulates sclerostin in Van Buchem disease
Loots, G. G., Kneissel, M., Keller, H., Baptist, M., Chang, J., Collette, N. M., Ovcharenko, D., Plajzer-Frick, I., & Rubin, E. M. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.3437105 · Cited by 442
Association Between X-Linked Mixed Deafness and Mutations in the POU Domain Gene POU3F4
de Kok, Y. J. M., van der Maarel, S. M., Bitner-Glindzicz, M. A. K., Huber, I., Monaco, A. P., MALCOLM, S., Pembrey, M. E., Ropers, H., & Cremers, F. P. M. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7839145 · Cited by 441
Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype?
Hüttenhofer, A., Schattner, P., & Polacek, N. (2005) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.007 · Cited by 437
Merika, M., Williams, A. J., Chen, G., Collins, T., & Thanos, D. (1998) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80028-3 · Cited by 435
Gene regulation by Sp1 and Sp3
Li, L., He, S., Sun, J., & Davie, J. (2004) · Biochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1139/o04-045 · Cited by 418
Computational identification of promoters and first exons in the human genome
Davuluri, R. V., Große, I., & Zhang, M. Q. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng780 · Cited by 414
Regulation of RNA Polymerase II Transcription by Sequence-Specific DNA Binding Factors
Kadonaga, J. T. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)01078-x · Cited by 403
Inappropriate Gene Activation in FSHD
Gabellini, D., Green, M. R., & Tupler, R. G. (2002) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00826-7 · Cited by 401
Self-citationOne Nucleotide in a κB Site Can Determine Cofactor Specificity for NF-κB Dimers
Leung, T., Hoffmann, A., & Baltimore, D. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.08.007 · Cited by 393
Use of Chromatin Immunoprecipitation To Clone Novel E2F Target Promoters
Weinmann, A. S., Bartley, S. M., Zhang, T., Zhang, M. Q., & Farnham, P. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.21.20.6820-6832.2001 · Cited by 383
Dynamic regulation of pol II transcription by the mammalian Mediator complex
Malik, S., & Roeder, R. G. (2005) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2005.03.009 · Cited by 382
Targa, F. R., Pikaart, M. J., Burgess-Beusse, B. L., Bell, A. C., Litt, M. D., West, A. G., Gaszner, M., & Felsenfeld, G. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.102179399 · Cited by 381
Abundant Raw Material for Cis-Regulatory Evolution in Humans
Rockman, M. V., & Wray, G. A. (2002) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004023 · Cited by 378
Biological control through regulated transcriptional coactivators
Spiegelman, B. M., & Heinrich, R. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.037 · Cited by 377
The xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) gene: one gene, two functions, three diseasesPreprint
Lehmann, A. R. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.859501 · Cited by 370
Embryonic ε and γ globin genes of a prosimian primate (Galago crassicaudatus)
Tagle, D. A., Koop, B. F., Goodman, M., Slightom, J. L., Hess, D. L., & Jones, R. T. (1988) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(88)90011-3 · Cited by 363
A mechanism for synergistic activation of a mammalian gene by GAL4 derivatives
Carey, M., Lin, Y.-S., Green, M. R., & Ptashne, M. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/345361a0 · Cited by 361
Self-citationDodecamer repeat expansion in cystatin B gene in progressive myoclonus epilepsy
Lalioti, M. D., Scott, H. S., Burési, C., Rossier, C., Bottani, A., Morris, M. A., Malafosse, A., & Antonarakis, S. E. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/386847a0 · Cited by 353
Eukaryotic Promoter RecognitionPreprint
Fickett, J. W., & Hatzigeorgiou, A. G. (1997) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.7.9.861 · Cited by 342
The Role of Corepressors in Transcriptional Regulation by Nuclear Hormone Receptors
Privalsky, M. L. (2004) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032802.155556 · Cited by 330
Jiang, J. (1993) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90402-c · Cited by 327
Large-scale human promoter mapping using CpG islands
Ioshikhes, I. P., & Zhang, M. Q. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/79189 · Cited by 312
Distribution of NF-κB-binding sites across human chromosome 22
Martone, R., Euskirchen, G. M., Bertone, P., Hartman, S. E., Royce, T. E., Luscombe, N. M., Rinn, J. L., Nelson, F. K., Miller, P. L., Gerstein, M., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2135255100 · Cited by 310
Remote control of gene transcription
West, A. G., & Fraser, P. (2005) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi104 · Cited by 302
Transcriptional control and the role of silencers in transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes
Ogbourne, S. M., & Antalis, T. (1998) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3310001 · Cited by 297
Computational Detection and Location of Transcription Start Sites in Mammalian Genomic DNAPreprint
Down, T. A., & Hubbard, T. (2002) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.216102 · Cited by 295
Ek, J., Andersen, G., Urhammer, S. A., Gæde, P. H., Drivsholm, T., Borch-Johnsen, K., Hansen, T., & Pedersen, O. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250100032 · Cited by 293
The insulation of genes from external enhancers and silencing chromatin
Burgess-Beusse, B. L., Farrell, C. M., Gaszner, M., Litt, M. D., Mutskov, V. J., Targa, F. R., Simpson, M., West, A. G., & Felsenfeld, G. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.162342499 · Cited by 292
de la Serna, I. L., Ohkawa, Y., Berkes, C. A., Bergstrom, D. A., Dacwag, C. S., Tapscott, S. J., & Imbalzano, A. N. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.25.10.3997-4009.2005 · Cited by 287
The Eukaryotic Promoter Database EPD
Périer, R. C. (1998) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/26.1.353 · Cited by 287
Scherf, M., Klingenhoff, A., & Werner, T. A. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3589 · Cited by 281
Combinatorial control of gene expression
Reményi, A., Schöler, H. R., & Wilmanns, M. (2004) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb820 · Cited by 280
Molecular Basis of Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin
Forget, B. G. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10460.x · Cited by 271
Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes: Concepts, Strategies and Techniques
Carey, M., & Smale, S. T. (2000) · Cited by 253
Interleukin-10 and Transforming Growth Factor- β Promoter Polymorphisms in Allergies and Asthma
Hobbs, K., Negri, J. A., Klinnert, M. D., Rosenwasser, L. J., & Borish, L. (1998) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.158.6.9804011 · Cited by 251
Palhan, V. B., Chen, S., Peng, G.-H., Tjernberg, A., Gamper, A. M., Fan, Y., Chait, B. T., Spada, A. R. L., & Roeder, R. G. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0503505102 · Cited by 248
Functional analysis of human promoter polymorphisms
Hoogendoorn, B. (2003) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg246 · Cited by 247
How different eukaryotic transcriptional activators can cooperate promiscuously
Lin, Y.-S., Carey, M., Ptashne, M., & Green, M. R. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/345359a0 · Cited by 245
Self-citationAllosteric Effects of Pit-1 DNA Sites on Long-Term Repression in Cell Type Specification
Scully, K. M., Jacobson, E. M., Jepsen, K., Lunyak, V. V., Viadiu, H., Carrière, C., Rose, D. W., Hooshmand, F., Aggarwal, A. K., & Rosenfeld, M. G. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1127 · Cited by 244
Regulation of the Th2 Cytokine Locus by a Locus Control Region
Lee, G. R., Fields, P. E., Griffin, T. J., & Flavell, R. A. (2003) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00179-1 · Cited by 234
Driscoll, M. C., Dobkin, C. S., & Alter, B. P. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.19.7470 · Cited by 233
Freson, K., Devriendt, K., Matthijs, G., Hoof, A. V., Vos, R. D., Thys, C., Minner, K., Hoylaerts, M., Vermylen, J., & Geet, C. V. (2001) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v98.1.85 · Cited by 232
Intergenic transcription through a Polycomb group response element counteracts silencingPreprint
Schmitt, S., Prestel, M., & Paro, R. (2005) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.326205 · Cited by 230
The MTE, a new core promoter element for transcription by RNA polymerase IIPreprint
Lim, C. Y., Santoso, B., Boulay, T., Dong, E., Ohler, U., & Kadonaga, J. T. (2004) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1193404 · Cited by 230
Loss-of-Function Mutations in the LIM-Homeodomain Gene, LMX1B, in Nail-Patella Syndrome
Vollrath, D., Jaramillo-Babb, V. L., Clough, M. V., McIntosh, I., Scott, K. M., Lichter, P. R., & Richards, J. E. (1998) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/7.7.1091 · Cited by 216
Regulation of human fetal hemoglobin: new players, new complexities
Bank, A. (2005) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-05-2113 · Cited by 213
DBTSS: DataBase of human Transcriptional Start Sites and full-length cDNAs
Suzuki, Y. (2002) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/30.1.328 · Cited by 213
Origins of leukaemia in children with Down syndrome
Hitzler, J. K., & Zipursky, A. (2005) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc1525 · Cited by 209
King, D. C., Taylor, J., Elnitski, L., Chiaromonte, F., Miller, W., & Hardison, R. C. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.3642605 · Cited by 208
X-linked thrombocytopenia caused by a novel mutation ofGATA-1
Mehaffey, M. G., Newton, A., Gandhi, M. J., Crossley, M., & Drachman, J. G. (2001) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v98.9.2681 · Cited by 199
beta-Thalassemia in American Blacks: novel mutations in the "TATA" box and an acceptor splice site.
Antonarakis, S. E., Irkin, S. H., Cheng, T. C., Scott, A. F., Sexton, J. P., Trusko, S. P., Charache, S., & Kazazian, H. H. (1984) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.81.4.1154 · Cited by 191
DNA methylation and cancer therapy: new developments and expectations
Esteller, M. (2004) · Current Opinion in Oncology · doi:10.1097/01.cco.0000147383.04709.10 · Cited by 184
Identifying gene regulatory elements by genome-wide recovery of DNase hypersensitive sites
Crawford, G. E., Holt, I. E., Mullikin, J. C., Tai, D. S., Green, E. D., Wolfsberg, T. G., & Collins, F. S. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0307540100 · Cited by 184
Tanimoto, K., Liu, Q., Bungert, J., & Engel, J. D. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/18698 · Cited by 178
Frequent somatic mutations of the transcription factor ATBF1 in human prostate cancer
Sun, X., Frierson, H. F., Chen, C., Li, C., Ran, Q., Otto, K. B., Cantarel, B. L., Vessella, R. L., Gao, A. C., Petros, J. A., et al. (2005) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1528 · Cited by 174
FootPrinter: a program designed for phylogenetic footprinting
Blanchette, M. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg606 · Cited by 172
Expanding functional diversity of the coactivators
Lonard, D. M., & O'Malley, B. W. (2005) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2005.01.001 · Cited by 172
Synergy of human Pol II core promoter elements revealed by statistical sequence analysis
Gershenzon, N., & Ioshikhes, I. P. (2005) · Bioinform. · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti172 · Cited by 168
CREB Binds to Multiple Loci on Human Chromosome 22
Euskirchen, G. M., Royce, T. E., Bertone, P., Martone, R., Rinn, J. L., Nelson, F. K., Sayward, F., Luscombe, N. M., Miller, P. L., Gerstein, M., et al. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.9.3804-3814.2004 · Cited by 166
Miller, W., Makova, K. D., Nekrutenko, A., & Hardison, R. C. (2004) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.5.061903.180057 · Cited by 165
Murata, T. (2001) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/10.10.1071 · Cited by 164
de Kok, Y. (1996) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/5.9.1229 · Cited by 164
Bioinformatics approaches and resources for single nucleotide polymorphism functional analysis
Mooney, S. D. (2005) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/6.1.44 · Cited by 163
Promoter prediction analysis on the whole human genome
Bajić, V. B., Tan, S. L., Suzuki, Y., & Sugano, S. (2004) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1032 · Cited by 157
Large-scale enhancer detection in the zebrafish genome
Ellingsen, S., Laplante, M. A., König, M., Kikuta, H., Furmanek, T., Høivik, E. A., & Becker, T. S. (2005) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.01951 · Cited by 157
Chromatin Insulators and Boundaries: Effects on Transcription and Nuclear Organization
Gerasimova, T. I., & Corces, V. G. (2001) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090349 · Cited by 157
Enhancers: Mechanisms of Action and Cell Specificity
Atchison, M. L. (1988) · Annual Review of Cell Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cb.04.110188.001015 · Cited by 157
GATA-1 binding sites mapped in the β-globin locus by using mammalian chIp-chip analysis
Horak, C. E., Mahajan, M. C., Luscombe, N. M., Gerstein, M., Weissman, S. M., & Snyder, M. P. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.052706999 · Cited by 153
Ludlow, L. B., Schick, B. P., Budarf, M. L., Driscoll, D. A., Zackai, E. H., Cohen, A. R., & Konkle, B. A. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.36.22076 · Cited by 147
Disruption of a C/EBP binding site in the factor IX promoter is associated with haemophilia B
Crossley, M., & Brownlee, G. G. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/345444a0 · Cited by 145
Vilar, J. M. G., & Saiz, L. (2005) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2005.02.005 · Cited by 142
Prawitt, D., Enklaar, T., Gärtner-Rupprecht, B., Spangenberg, C., Oswald, M., Lausch, E. U., Schmidtke, P., Reutzel, D., Fees, S. A., Lucito, R., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0500037102 · Cited by 130
The role of enhancers as centres for general transcription factor recruitment
Szutorisz, H., Dillon, N., & Tora, L. (2005) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2005.08.006 · Cited by 125
Lee, D., Gershenzon, N. I., Gupta, M., Ioshikhes, I. P., Reinberg, D., & Lewis, B. A. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.25.21.9674-9686.2005 · Cited by 122
Banine, F., Bartlett, C. S., Gunawardena, R. W., Muchardt, C., Yaniv, M., Knudsen, E. S., Weissman, B. E., & Sherman, L. S. (2005) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3554 · Cited by 118
Large-scale structural analysis of the core promoter in mammalian and plant genomes
Florquin, K. (2005) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gki737 · Cited by 117
Boundary elements and nuclear organization
Capelson, M., & Corces, V. G. (2004) · Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1016/j.biolcel.2004.06.004 · Cited by 116
YY1 DNA binding and PcG recruitment requires CtBPPreprint
Srinivasan, L., & Atchison, M. L. (2004) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1228204 · Cited by 116
Mechanism of Transcriptional Silencing in Yeast
Chen, L., & Widom, J. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.030 · Cited by 112
Alpha-thalassemia caused by a large (62 kb) deletion upstream of the human alpha globin gene cluster
Hatton, C., Wilkie, A. O. M., Drysdale, H. C., Wood, W., Vickers, M. A., Sharpe, J. A., Ayyub, H., Pretorius, I., Buckle, V., & Higgs, D. R. (1990) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v76.1.221.221 · Cited by 109
DNA recognition by nuclear receptors
Claessens, F., & Gewirth, D. T. (2004) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/bse0400059 · Cited by 108
Yang, W. S., Nevin, D. N., Peng, R., Brunzell, J. D., & Deeb, S. S. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.10.4462 · Cited by 108
Aronow, B. J., Silbiger, R. N., Dusing, M. R., Stock, J. L., Yager, K. L., Potter, S. S., Hutton, J. J., & Wiginton, D. A. (1992) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.12.9.4170 · Cited by 105
The role of DNA response elements as allosteric modulators of steroid receptor function
Geserick, C., Meyer, H., & Haendler, B. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2005.03.007 · Cited by 102
Koivisto, U., Palvimo, J. J., Jänne, O. A., & Kontula, K. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.22.10526 · Cited by 101
The multicoloured world of promoter recognition complexes
Müller, F., & Tora, L. (2003) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600027 · Cited by 98
Yamashita, R., Suzuki, Y., Sugano, S., & Nakai, K. (2005) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2005.01.012 · Cited by 93
Solis, C., Aizencang, G. I., Astrin, K. H., Bishop, D. F., & Desnick, R. J. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci10642 · Cited by 93
Eukaryotic Transcription Activation: Right on Target
Green, M. R. (2005) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.04.017 · Cited by 92
Self-citationChromatin Boundaries and Chromatin DomainsPreprint
Felsenfeld, G., Burgess-Beusse, B. L., Farrell, C. M., Gaszner, M., Ghirlando, R., Huang, S.-L., Jin, C., Litt, M. D., Magdinier, F., Mutskov, V. J., et al. (2004) · Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1101/sqb.2004.69.245 · Cited by 92
The Human Enhancer Blocker CTC-binding Factor Interacts with the Transcription Factor Kaiso
Defossez, P., Kelly, K. F., Filion, G. J. P., Pérez‐Torrado, R., Magdinier, F., Menoni, H., Nordgaard, C. L., Daniel, J. M., & Gilson, É. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m510802200 · Cited by 88
Synergistic repression of anaerobic genes by Mot3 and Rox1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Sertil, O. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg792 · Cited by 88
Lewis, B. A., Kim, T.-K., & Orkin, S. H. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.120181197 · Cited by 87
Direct isolation and identification of promoters in the human genomePreprint
Kim, T. H., Barrera, L. O., Qu, C., Calcar, S. V., Trinklein, N. D., Cooper, S. J., Luna, R. M., Glass, C. K., Rosenfeld, M. G., Myers, R., et al. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.3430605 · Cited by 86
Prospects and implications of using chromatin insulators in gene therapy and transgenesis.
Recillas-Targa, F., Valadez-Graham, V., & Farrell, C. (2004) · Bioessays · doi:10.1002/bies.20059 · Cited by 85
Chromosome‐mediated alterations of the MYC gene in human cancer
Popescu, N. C., & Zimonjic, D. B. (2002) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2002.tb00183.x · Cited by 83
Hersh, B. M., & Carroll, S. B. (2005) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.01737 · Cited by 83
Papatsenko, D., & Levine, M. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0409414102 · Cited by 82
Strong bias in the location of functional promoter polymorphisms
Buckland, P. R., Hoogendoorn, B., Coleman, S. L., Guy, C., Smith, S. K., & O’Donovan, M. C. (2005) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.20207 · Cited by 81
cis -Regulatory Logic of Short-Range Transcriptional Repression in Drosophila melanogaster
Kulkarni, M. M., & Arnosti, D. N. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.25.9.3411-3420.2005 · Cited by 75
Towards therapeutic applications of engineered zinc finger proteins
Klug, A. (2004) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.10.104 · Cited by 74
Matsuda, M., Sakamoto, N., & Fukumaki, Y. (1992) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v80.5.1347.1347 · Cited by 72
Nongenic transcription, gene regulation and action at a distance
Cook, P. R. (2003) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.00819 · Cited by 72
Lee, B., Vouthounis, C., Stojadinović, O., Brem, H., Im, M. J., & Tomic‐Canic, M. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.11.027 · Cited by 71
Balhoff, J. P., & Wray, G. A. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0409638102 · Cited by 69
Insulator dynamics and the setting of chromatin domains
Fourel, G., Magdinier, F., & Gilson, É. (2004) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.20028 · Cited by 65
Kulozik, A. E., Bellan-Koch, A., Bail, S., KOHNE, E., & Kleihauer, E. (1991) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v77.9.2054.bloodjournal7792054 · Cited by 64
Gene Annotation: Prediction and Testing
Ashurst, J. L., & Collins, J. E. (2003) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110300 · Cited by 64
Redundancy of information in enhancers as a principle of mammalian transcription control
Schaffner, G., Schirm, S., Müller-Baden, B., Weber, F., & Schaffner, W. (1988) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(88)90440-8 · Cited by 62
Müller, F., Williams, D. W., Kobolák, J., Gauvry, L., Goldspink, G., Orbán, L., & Maclean, N. (1997) · Molecular Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199708)47:4 · Cited by 61
Vavouri, T., & Elgar, G. (2005) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2005.05.002 · Cited by 61
Lalioti, M. D., Scott, H. S., & Antonarakis, S. E. (1999) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/8.9.1791 · Cited by 55
Repression of an Interleukin-4-responsive Promoter Requires Cooperative BCL-6 Function
Harris, M. B., Mostecki, J. W., & Rothman, P. B. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m412649200 · Cited by 54
Manco, L., Ribeiro, L., Máximo, V., Almeida, H., Costa, A. S. A., Freitas, O., Barbot, J., Abade, A., & Tamagnini, G. P. (2000) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02283.x · Cited by 53
GATA Transcription Factors in Hematologic Disease
Cantor, A. B. (2005) · International Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1532/ijh97.04180 · Cited by 51
The mammalian Mediator complex
Conaway, J. W., Florens, L. A., Sato, S., Tomomori‐Sato, C., Parmely, T. J., Yao, T., Swanson, S. K., Banks, C. A. S., Washburn, M. P., & Conaway, R. C. (2004) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.11.031 · Cited by 49
em E2 em A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors in human leukemia
LeBrun, D. P. (2003) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/1030 · Cited by 48
Hierarchical Interactions Control CD4 Gene Expression during Thymocyte Development
Adlam, M., & Siu, G. (2003) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00021-9 · Cited by 47
A statistical analysis of the TRANSFAC database
Fogel, G. B., Weekes, D., Varga, G., Dow, E. R., Craven, A. M., Harlow, H. B., Su, E. W., Onyia, J. E., & Chen, S. (2005) · Biosystems · doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2005.03.003 · Cited by 47
TRADE-OFFS IN DETECTING EVOLUTIONARILY CONSTRAINED SEQUENCE BY COMPARATIVE GENOMICS
Stone, E. A., Cooper, G. M., & Sidow, A. (2005) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162146 · Cited by 45
Moi, P., Faà, V., Marini, M. G., Asunis, I., Ibba, G., Cao, A., & Rosatelli, M. C. (2004) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05146.x · Cited by 41
Cameron, R. A., Chow, S. H., Berney, K., Chiu, T.-Y., Yuan, Q. A., Krämer, A., Helguero, A., Ransick, A., Yun, M., & Davidson, E. H. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0505291102 · Cited by 41
Deletion analysis of the human CD2 gene locus control region in transgenic mice
Lang, G., Mamalaki, C., Greenberg, D., Yannoutsos, N., & Kioussis, D. (1991) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/19.21.5851 · Cited by 40
Martín, N., Patel, S., & Segre, J. A. (2004) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.2709404 · Cited by 38
Enhancer Choice in Cis and in Trans in Drosophila melanogaster
Morris, J. R., Petrov, D. A., Lee, A. M., & Wu, C.-T. (2004) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.104.026955 · Cited by 38
Gowri, P. M., Yu, J. H., Shaufl, A. L., Sperling, M. A., & Menon, R. K. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.23.3.815-825.2003 · Cited by 38
Masotti, C., Armelin‐Correa, L., Splendore, A., Lin, C. J., Barbosa, A. S., Sogayar, M. C., & Passos‐Bueno, M. R. (2005) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2005.06.004 · Cited by 37
Chen, Z., & Manley, J. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.23.20.7350-7362.2003 · Cited by 36
ATG deserts define a novel core promoter subclassPreprint
Lee, M. P., Howcroft, T. K., Kotekar, A., Yang, H. H., Buetow, K. H., & Singer, D. S. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.3873705 · Cited by 30
Li, Q., Zhang, M., Duan, Z., & Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (1999) · Genomics · doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5954 · Cited by 29
Evolution of regulatory elements producing a conserved gene expression pattern in Caenorhabditis
Wang, X., Greenberg, J. F., & Chamberlin, H. (2004) · Evolution & Development · doi:10.1111/j.1525-142x.2004.04029.x · Cited by 27
Rebar, E. J. (2004) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.13.7.829 · Cited by 27
Oncogenic protein tyrosine kinases
Saglio, G. N., & Cilloni, D. (2004) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-004-4271-0 · Cited by 26
Developmental Regulation of the β-Globin Gene Locus
Chakalova, L., Carter, D., Debrand, E., Goyenechea, B., Horton, A., Miles, J., Osborne, C. S., & Fraser, P. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-27310-7_8 · Cited by 25
Wang, H.-L., Wu, T., Chang, W.-T., Li, A. H., Chen, M.-S., Wu, C., & Fang, W. (2000) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(00)00087-5 · Cited by 24
Follows, G. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg804 · Cited by 18
Igf2/H19 Imprinting Control Region (ICR): An Insulator or a Position-Dependent Silencer?
Banerjee, S., Smallwood, A., Lamond, S., Campbell, S. C., & Nargund, G. (2001) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/tsw.2001.50 · Cited by 13
The mouse genome: Experimental examination of gene predictions and transcriptional start sitesPreprint
Dike, S., Balija, V. S., Nascimento, L. U., Xuan, Z., Ou, J., Zutavern, T., Palmer, L. E., Hannon, G. J., Zhang, M. Q., & McCombie, W. R. (2004) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.3158304 · Cited by 12
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 202 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Bailey TL, 1995, Proc. Int. Conf. Intell. Syst. Mol. Biol., 3, 21
- 10.1182/blood.V77.9.2054.2054 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The ENCODE Project Consortium (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05874 · Cited by 5,223
GREAT improves functional interpretation of cis-regulatory regions
McLean, C. Y., Bristor, D., Hiller, M., Clarke, S. L., Schaar, B. T., Lowe, C. B., Wenger, A. M., & Bejerano, G. (2010) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.1630 · Cited by 4,502
Master Transcription Factors and Mediator Establish Super-Enhancers at Key Cell Identity Genes
Whyte, W. A., Orlando, D. A., Hnisz, D., Abraham, B. J., Lin, C. Y., Kagey, M. H., Rahl, P. B., Lee, T. I., & Young, R. A. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.035 · Cited by 4,143
“Much of the transcriptional control of mammalian development is due to the diverse activity of transcription factor-bound enhancers that control cell type-specific patterns of gene expression (Bulger and Groudine, 2011; Hawrylycz et al., 2012; Maston et al., 2006).”
Systematic Localization of Common Disease-Associated Variation in Regulatory DNA
Maurano, M. T., Humbert, R., Rynes, E., Thurman, R. E., Haugen, E., Wang, H., Reynolds, A. P., Sandstrom, R., Qu, H., Brody, J., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1222794 · Cited by 3,716
Super-enhancers in the control of cell identity and disease
Hnisz, D., Abraham, B. J., Lee, T. I., Lau, A., Saint-André, V., Sigova, A. A., Hoke, H. A., & Young, R. A. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.053 · Cited by 3,662
“…which play key roles in the control of cell type-specific gene expression programs (Bulger and Groudine, 2011; Calo and Wysocka, 2013; Carey, 1998; Lelli et al., 2012; Levine and Tjian, 2003; Maston et al., 2006; Ong and Corces, 2011; Panne, 2008; Spitz and Furlong, 2012; Xie and Ren, 2013).”
Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia
Trubetskoy, V., Pardiñas, A. F., Qi, T., Panagiotaropoulou, G., Awasthi, S., Bigdeli, T. B., Bryois, J., Chen, C.-Y., Dennison, C. A., Hall, L. S., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04434-5 · Cited by 2,964
Self-citationHistone modifications at human enhancers reflect global cell-type-specific gene expression
Heintzman, N. D., Hon, G. C., Hawkins, R. D., Kheradpour, P., Stark, A., Harp, L. F., Ye, Z., Lee, L. K., Stuart, R. K., Ching, C. W., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07829 · Cited by 2,533
“Next, we identified putative insulators in the ENCODE regions for these cell types based on CTCF binding, because mammalian insulators are generally understood to require CTCF to block promoter 2 enhancer interactions 3 .”
BackgroundInfluentialThree-dimensional Epigenome Statistical Model: Genome-wide Chromatin Looping Prediction
Bkhetan, Z. A., & Plewczyński, D. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23276-8 · Cited by 1,672
GERAD1 Consortium, Pardiñas, A. F., CRESTAR Consortium, Holmans, P., Pocklington, A. J., Escott-Price, V., Ripke, S., Carrera, N., Legge, S. E., Bishop, S., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0059-2 · Cited by 1,552
ChIP-seq accurately predicts tissue-specific activity of enhancers
Visel, A., Blow, M. J., Li, Z., Zhang, T., Akiyama, J. A., Holt, A., Plajzer-Frick, I., Shoukry, M., Wright, C., Chen, F., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07730 · Cited by 1,639
A User's Guide to the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE)
The ENCODE Project Consortium (2011) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001046 · Cited by 1,515
“, promoters, enhancers, silencers, and insulators) that collectively modulate the magnitude, timing, and cell-specificity of gene expression [35].”
BackgroundEnhancer function: new insights into the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression
Ong, C.-T., & Corces, V. G. (2011) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2957 · Cited by 929
“Transcription of eukaryotic genes is an exceedingly intricate process that requires the precise orchestration of a complex set of interactions among a myriad of proteins and DNA sequence”
Wang, J., Zhuang, J., Iyer, S., Lin, X.-Y., Whitfield, T. W., Greven, M. C., Pierce, B. G., Dong, X., Kundaje, A. B., Cheng, Y., et al. (2012) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.139105.112 · Cited by 827
“…and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA; 2Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; 3Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; 4Department of…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPsychiatric genome-wide association study analyses implicate neuronal, immune and histone pathways
The Network and Pathway Analysis Subgroup of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3922 · Cited by 755
Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Li, F., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, R., Zhu, J., Ren, Y., Tan, Y. C., et al. (2019) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkz981 · Cited by 798
“They have been used for probing the direct binding of a TF to the promoter, enhancer or silencer region of a target gene, thus leading to the initiation (56), increase (57) or repression of the transcription of the studied gene (58), respectively.”
MethodXiang, J., Yin, Q.-F., Chen, T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X.-O., Wu, Z., Zhang, S., Wang, H., Ge, J., Lu, X., et al. (2014) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2014.35 · Cited by 741
Genomic views of distant-acting enhancers
Visel, A., Rubin, E. M., & Pennacchio, L. A. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08451 · Cited by 610
“The docking of RNA polymerase II to proximal promoter sequences and transcription initiation are fairly well characterized; by contrast, the mechanisms by which insulator and silencer elements buffer or repress gene regulation, respectively, are less well understoo”
BackgroundBarrett, L. W., Fletcher, S., & Wilton, S. D. (2012) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-012-0990-9 · Cited by 641
“Promoters can generally be influenced by distinct enhancer elements under varying conditions [102], while binding of factors that do not associate strongly with the promoter may ‘‘switch off’’ the enhancer as required.”
BackgroundHigh-Resolution Mapping of Expression-QTLs Yields Insight into Human Gene Regulation
Veyrieras, J.-B., Kudaravalli, S., Kim, S. Y., Dermitzakis, E. T., Gilad, Y., Stephens, M., & Pritchard, J. K. (2008) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000214 · Cited by 536
“However, for most genes, transcription initiation is usually thought to be the principal determinant of the overall mRNA gene expression profile [34,35].”
BackgroundMetazoan promoters: emerging characteristics and insights into transcriptional regulation
Lenhard, B., Sandelin, A., & Carninci, P. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3163 · Cited by 562
“The core elements (which are modelled as sequence motifs) in Metazoa have been extensively reviewe”
BackgroundeRNAs Promote Transcription by Establishing Chromatin Accessibility at Defined Genomic Loci
Mousavi, K., Zare, H., Dell’Orso, S., Grøntved, L., Gutierrez-Cruz, G., Derfoul, A., Hager, G. L., & Sartorelli, V. (2013) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.07.022 · Cited by 528
“606 Molecular Cell 51, 606–617, September 12, 2013 a2013 Elsevier Acting as primary determinant of cell-type specificity, DNA enhancer elements increase transcriptional output of proteincoding counterparts over large genomic distances in an orientation-independent manner (Bulger and Groudine, 2011; Maston et al., 2006…”
Zerbino, D. R., Wilder, S. P., Johnson, N., Juettemann, T., & Flicek, P. R. (2015) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0621-5 · Cited by 429
From reads to insight: a hitchhiker’s guide to ATAC-seq data analysis
Yan, F., Powell, D., Curtis, D. J., & Wong, N. C. (2020) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-020-1929-3 · Cited by 487
The RNA Polymerase II Carboxy-Terminal Domain (CTD) Code
Eick, D., & Geyer, M. (2013) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr400071f · Cited by 500
Annotating non-coding regions of the genome.
Alexander, R. P., Fang, G., Rozowsky, J., Snyder, M., & Gerstein, M. B. (2010) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2814 · Cited by 464
Enhancer-promoter interactions are encoded by complex genomic signatures on looping chromatin
Whalen, S., Truty, R. M., & Pollard, K. S. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3539 · Cited by 456
Editing the epigenome: technologies for programmable transcription and epigenetic modulation
Thakore, P. I., Black, J. B., Hilton, I. B., & Gersbach, C. A. (2016) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3733 · Cited by 451
Zhou, K., Liu, S., Sun, W., Zheng, L., Zhou, H., Yang, J., & Qu, L. (2016) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw965 · Cited by 417
Cai, Y., Zhang, Y., Loh, Y. P., Tng, J. Q., Lim, M. C., Cao, Z., Raju, A., Lieberman Aiden, E., Li, S., Manikandan, L., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-20940-y · Cited by 321
Moss, D. J. H., Pardiñas, A. F., Langbehn, D., Lo, K., Leavitt, B. R., Roos, R., Durr, A., Mead, S., Coleman, A., Santos, R. D., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30161-8 · Cited by 312
Enhancers as information integration hubs in development: lessons from genomics
Buecker, C., & Wysocka, J. (2012) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2012.02.008 · Cited by 295
“Most of the current knowledge of tissue-specific cis-regulatory elements is based on detailed genetic and biochemical analyses of individual loci [8–10] (reviewed in [11]).”
BackgroundA cellular and molecular view of T helper 17 cell plasticity in autoimmunity
Stadhouders, R., Lubberts, E., & Hendriks, R. W. (2017) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2017.12.007 · Cited by 300
“Such distal control elements can be categorized in enhancers and cooperative clusters of enhancers called locus control regions (LCRs) that stimulate transcription or silencers that inhibit gene expression [96].”
BackgroundMachine Learning in Genomic Medicine: A Review of Computational Problems and Data Sets
Leung, M. K. K., Delong, A., Alipanahi, B., & Frey, B. J. (2015) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2494198 · Cited by 284
“[213] G.”
Promoter DNA Hypermethylation and Paradoxical Gene Activation
Smith, J., Sen, S., Weeks, R. J., Eccles, M. R., & Chatterjee, A. (2020) · Trends in cancer · doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2020.02.007 · Cited by 268
ChIP‐based methods for the identification of long‐range chromatin interactions
Fullwood, M. J., & Ruan, Y. (2009) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.22116 · Cited by 251
“Besides gene coding elements, regulatory elements such as insulators, boundary elements, and transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) that control gene expression, also have great relevance to human health [Maston et al., 2006].”
BackgroundYip, K. Y.-L., Cheng, C., Bhardwaj, N., Brown, J., Leng, J., Kundaje, A. B., Rozowsky, J. S., Birney, E., Bickel, P. J., Snyder, M. P., et al. (2012) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2012-13-9-r48 · Cited by 248
“For example, enhancers are frequently thousands of bases pairs upstream or downstream of a promoter, and they can be within an intron of a gene [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialGenomic approaches towards finding cis-regulatory modules in animals
Hardison, R. C., & Taylor, J. (2012) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3242 · Cited by 245
Finding distal regulatory elements in the human genome
Heintzman, N. D., & Ren, B. (2009) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2009.09.006 · Cited by 241
“Enhancer elements can be defined as DNA sequences that serve to recruit transcription factors which promote the decondensation of repressed chromatin and/or facilitate the assembly of the transcription machinery at gene promoters [30].”
BackgroundCheng, Y., Wu, W., Ashok Kumar, S., Yu, D., Deng, W., Tripic, T., King, D. C., Chen, K.-B., Zhang, Y., Drautz, D., et al. (2009) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.098921.109 · Cited by 223
“Diverse mechanisms are employed for this regulation, ranging from direct interactions with RNA polymerase to recruitment of large enzymatic complexes that lead to activation or repression by altering histone modifications or chromatin structure (Maston et al. 2006).”
BackgroundProgesterone receptors, their isoforms and progesterone regulated transcription
Jacobsen, B. M., & Horwitz, K. B. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.016 · Cited by 229
“There is ample evidence that promoter structure confers transcriptional specificity (Maston et al., 2006) and the structure and location of PREs relative to adjacent or overlapping DNA binding sites for other transcription factors undoubtedly do so as well.”
BackgroundAn Overview of Genome Organization and How We Got There: from FISH to Hi-C
Fraser, J., Williamson, I., Bickmore, W. A., & Dostie, J. (2015) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00006-15 · Cited by 232
Predictive chromatin signatures in the mammalian genome
Hon, G. C., Hawkins, R. D., & Ren, B. (2009) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddp409 · Cited by 231
“In eukaryotes, transcription is tightly regulated by the activity of transcription factors, many of which bind to enhancers that are far from the genes they activate (3).”
BackgroundDBTSS: database of transcription start sites, progress report 2008
Wakaguri, H., Yamashita, R., Suzuki, Y., Sugano, S., & Nakai, K. (2007) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkm901 · Cited by 221
“To eventually decode the genome information into a macromolecular system of the cell, in-depth knowledge of its higher-order regulatory mechanisms should be indispensable (1,2).”
BackgroundEnhancers: The abundance and function of regulatory sequences beyond promoters
Bulger, M., & Groudine, M. T. (2009) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.11.035 · Cited by 192
“Although studies of the characteristics and function of distal regulatory sequences within their endogenous loci are becoming more frequent, most often such elements have been defined in artificial gain-of-function assays, which have revealed distinct classes of regulatory sequences (Maston et al., 2006).”
BackgroundTranscription factors mediate long-range enhancer–promoter interactions
Nolis, I. K., McKay, D. J., Mantouvalou, E., Lomvardas, S., Merika, M., & Thanos, D. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0902454106 · Cited by 197
“T accurate execution of gene expression programs during development and differentiation and in response to environmental cues requires 3 types of regulatory DNA elements in higher eukaryotes: core promoters, upstream promoter elements, and enhancers (1).”
BackgroundGenes, mutations, and human inherited disease at the dawn of the age of personalized genomics
Cooper, D. N., Chen, J., Ball, E. V., Howells, K., Mort, M. E., Phillips, A. D., Chuzhanova, N. A., Krawczak, M., Kehrer‐Sawatzki, H., & Stenson, P. D. (2010) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.21260 · Cited by 186
“…in the case of remote regulatory elements that act at a distance [Attanasio et al., 2008; Heintzman and Ren, 2009; Kleinjan and Coutinho, 2009; Maston et al., 2006; Pennacchio et al., 2006; Visel et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2007] so that the appropriate elements are often simply not…”
BackgroundIdentification and dynamic quantification of regulatory elements using total RNAPreprint
Duttke, S. H. C., Chang, M. W., Heinz, S., & Benner, C. W. (2019) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.253492.119 · Cited by 175
Systematic identification of silencers in human cells
Pang, B., & Snyder, M. P. (2020) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-0578-5 · Cited by 183
Discovery and Annotation of Functional Chromatin Signatures in the Human Genome
Hon, G. C., Wang, W., & Ren, B. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000566 · Cited by 181
“transcriptional output of every cell type in the human body [1].”
BackgroundDirect observation of a condensate effect on super-enhancer controlled gene bursting
Du, M., Stitzinger, S. H., Spille, J.-H., Cho, W., Lee, C., Hijaz, M., Quintana, A., & Cissé, I. I. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.005 · Cited by 176
Genomics of Long-Range Regulatory Elements
Noonan, J. P., & McCallion, A. S. (2010) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-082509-141651 · Cited by 170
“These criteria explain why many early regulatory elements were identified in rare patients with Mendelian disorders for which the corresponding genes had already been identified but in whom coding variants cannot be found (56, 76).”
BackgroundTranscriptional response to stress is pre-wired by promoter and enhancer architecture
Vihervaara, A., Mahat, D. B., Guertin, M. J., Chu, T., Danko, C. G., Lis, J. T., & Sistonen, L. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00151-0 · Cited by 164
“(5) Potent trans-activator HSF1 localizes to transcription-primed and architectural protein-primed genomic regions.”
Silencing by imprinted noncoding RNAs: is transcription the answer?
Pauler, F. M., Koerner, M. V., & Barlow, D. P. (2007) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.03.018 · Cited by 156
“Activator a regulatory DNA element, usually referred to as an enhancer, that can bind to transcription factors and stimulate the transcription of one or more target genes that lie some distance away on the same chromosome [69].”
BackgroundGenome organization and long-range regulation of gene expression by enhancers
Smallwood, A., & Ren, B. (2013) · Current Opinion in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2013.02.005 · Cited by 155
Fernández, X. M., & Birney, E. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-37654-5_45 · Cited by 156
Unraveling transcription regulatory networks by protein–DNA and protein–protein interaction mappingPreprint
Walhout, A. J. M. (2006) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.5321506 · Cited by 161
“This is because they can be located at a great genomic distance from the target’s transcription start site(s) and can be found upstream, downstream, or within introns (for review, see Maston et al. 2006).”
BackgroundLe, N. Q. K., Yapp, E. K. Y., Ho, Q., Nagasundaram, N., Ou, Y., & Yeh, H. (2019) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2019.02.017 · Cited by 152
“They can be situated at a distance of up to 1 Mbp (1,000,000bp) away from a gene, or even existing in different chromosomes, upstream or downstream from the transcription start site [2,3].”
BackgroundThe Hierarchy of Transcriptional Activation: From Enhancer to Promoter
Vernimmen, D., & Bickmore, W. A. (2015) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2015.10.004 · Cited by 155
Characterization of human epigenomes
Wang, Z., Schones, D. E., & Zhao, K. (2009) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/j.gde.2009.02.001 · Cited by 160
“Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2009, 19:127–134 solely based on sequence information [50,51].”
Enhancers: emerging roles in cell fate specification
Ong, C., & Corces, V. G. (2012) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2012.52 · Cited by 144
“The transcription of eukaryotic genes is an intricate process that requires many protein complexes to interact precisely with these DNA elements [2].”
Landscape of multi-nucleotide variants in 125,748 human exomes and 15,708 genomes
Wang, Q. S., Pierce‐Hoffman, E., Cummings, B. B., Alföldi, J., Francioli, L. C., Gauthier, L. D., Hill, A. J., O’Donnell‐Luria, A., Genome Aggregation Database Production Team, Armean, I. M., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12438-5 · Cited by 149
“Finally, we explored the effect of genic context on MNV origins and discovery: we selected the seven major regional annotations around gene-coding sequences 43,44 , and calculated the fraction of MNVs likely explained by different mutational origins in each of these regions (Fig.”
BackgroundChromatin interaction analyses elucidate the roles of PRC2-bound silencers in mouse development
Ngan, C. Y., Wong, C. H., Tjong, H., Wang, W., Goldfeder, R. L., Choi, C., He, H., Gong, L., Lin, J., Urban, B., et al. (2020) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-0581-x · Cited by 140
Zhao, Y., Wang, L., Ren, S., Wang, L., Blackburn, P. R., McNulty, M. S., Gao, X., Qiao, M., Vessella, R. L., Kohli, M., et al. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.038 · Cited by 137
Analysis of Dll4 regulation reveals a combinatorial role for Sox and Notch in arterial development
Sacilotto, N., Monteiro, R. M., Fritzsche, M., Becker, P., Sánchez‐del‐Campo, L., Liu, K., Pinheiro, P., Ratnayaka, I., Davies, B., Goding, C. R., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1300805110 · Cited by 134
“Spatiotemporal regulation of gene transcription during development is primarily accomplished by enhancers, although those located close to core promoters are also often termed proximal promoters (16).”
BackgroundA predictive modeling approach for cell line-specific long-range regulatory interactions
Roy, S., Siahpirani, A. F., Chasman, D. A., Knaack, S., Ay, F., Stewart, R. M., Wilson, M. D., & Sridharan, R. (2015) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkv865 · Cited by 123
“Such long-range regulatory interactions are emerging as important determinants of tissue-specific expression (4,7,8) and for interpretation of regulatory variation (9,10).”
BackgroundDEEP: a general computational framework for predicting enhancers
Kleftogiannis, D., Kalnis, P., & Bajic, V. B. (2015) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gku1058 · Cited by 125
“Although these regions have been extensively studied, their underlying transcriptional mechanism is not yet fully understood (3).”
BackgroundNuclear Organization and Genome Function
Bortle, K. V., & Corces, V. G. (2012) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155824 · Cited by 127
“F or p er so na l u se o nl y. machinery at core promoters (Maston et al. 2006).”
BackgroundIn silico prediction of high-resolution Hi-C interaction matrices
Zhang, S., Chasman, D. A., Knaack, S., & Roy, S. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13423-8 · Cited by 119
A Brief Review on the Human Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Project
Qu, H., & Fang, X. (2013) · Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics · doi:10.1016/j.gpb.2013.05.001 · Cited by 124
“Many eukaryotic genes are coregulated by multiple TFs in a cell-type specific manner [21].”
BackgroundChromatin-Driven Behavior of Topologically Associating Domains
Ciabrelli, F., & Cavalli, G. (2014) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2014.09.013 · Cited by 123
“Enhancer function is usually independent on orientation and distance to the target promoter [45] and can be located upstream, downstream or in intronic regions [30].”
BackgroundIn the loop: promoter–enhancer interactions and bioinformatics
Mora, A., Sandve, G. K., Gabrielsen, O. S., & Eskeland, R. (2015) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbv097 · Cited by 126
“The proximal promoter encompasses the region immediately upstream (up to a few 100 bp) from the core promoter [149], although arbitrary distance cut-offs are often seen.”
BackgroundWhat does our genome encode?Preprint
Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A. (2012) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.146506.112 · Cited by 120
“A similar situation obtains in the case of enhancers—classically, elements that mediate transcriptional up-regulation, frequently acting at considerable distance from their target gene(s) (Maston et al. 2006).”
BackgroundGenome-wide discovery of human heart enhancersPreprint
Narlikar, L., Sakabe, N. J., Blanski, A. A., Arimura, F. E., Westlund, J. M., Nóbrega, M. A., & Ovcharenko, I. (2010) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.098657.109 · Cited by 121
Promoter analysis and prediction in the human genome using sequence-based deep learning models
Umarov, R. K., Kuwahara, H., Li, Y., Gao, X., & Solovyev, V. V. (2018) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty1068 · Cited by 120
“One explanation for this is that such complex and diverse structures must be “designed” to properly control expression of (cid:24) 25,000 protein coding genes based on interactions with only (cid:24) 1,850 transcription factors in the human genome (Maston et al. , 2006).”
BackgroundCis-regulatory mutations in human disease
Epstein, D. J. (2009) · Briefings in Functional Genomics and Proteomics · doi:10.1093/bfgp/elp021 · Cited by 117
“CIS-REGULATIONOF GENE EXPRESSION The transcription of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)dependent genes is mediated by the recruitment of general and sequence-specific transcription factors to cis-acting regulatory sequences including core and proximal promoter elements that reside within 1 kb of the transcription start site…”
BackgroundIdentifying regulatory elements in eukaryotic genomes
Narlikar, L., & Ovcharenko, I. (2009) · Briefings in Functional Genomics and Proteomics · doi:10.1093/bfgp/elp014 · Cited by 122
“Multiple other promoter mutations have been also associated with different diseases [5].”
BackgroundRegulatory variants: from detection to predicting impact
Rojano, E., Seoane, P., Ranea, J. A. G., & Perkins, J. R. (2018) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bby039 · Cited by 120
Chromatin and epigenetic features of long-range gene regulation
Harmston, N., & Lenhard, B. (2013) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt499 · Cited by 111
“Traditionally, they are thought to act independently of both the distance and orientation relative to the promoter (18), although some have challenged this assumption (19).”
BackgroundGheldof, N., Smith, E. M., Tabuchi, T. M., Koch, C. M., Dunham, I., Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A., & Dekker, J. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkq175 · Cited by 114
“In addition, these sequences are often conserved across species (8,9).”
Predicting enhancers with deep convolutional neural networks
Xu, M., Zeng, W., Chen, S., Chen, N., Chen, T., & Jiang, R. (2017) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1878-3 · Cited by 107
“…in a cis-acting and tissue specific manner, making these short sequences crucial in the understanding of gene regulatory mechanisms, and thus receiving more and more attentions in not only genomic and epigenomic studies but also the deciphering of genetic basis of human inherited diseases [1 – 3].”
BackgroundNew approaches for genome assembly and scaffolding
Rice, E. S., & Green, R. E. (2019) · Annual Review of Animal Biosciences · doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115344 · Cited by 110
“Cis-regulation of gene expression can be affected over large genomic distances, such as with interactions between enhancers and promoters, which can be more than 1 Mb apart on a chromosome (46, 47).”
BackgroundHelper T‐cell identity and evolution of differential transcriptomes and epigenomes
Vahedi, G., Poholek, A. C., Hand, T. W., Laurence, A. D. J., Kanno, Y., O’Shea, J. J., & Hirahara, K. (2013) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12037 · Cited by 112
Pharmacogenomics in Alzheimer's Disease
Cacabelos, R. (2008) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-205-2_10 · Cited by 109
MPRAnalyze: statistical framework for massively parallel reporter assays
Ashuach, T., Fischer, D. S., Kreimer, A., Ahituv, N., Theis, F. J., & Yosef, N. (2019) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-019-1787-z · Cited by 105
Integrative genomic analysis reveals widespread enhancer regulation by p53 in response to DNA damage
Younger, S. T., Kenzelmann-Broz, D., Jung, H., Attardi, L. D., & Rinn, J. L. (2015) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkv284 · Cited by 99
Engineering Promoter Architecture in Oleaginous Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica
Hussain, M. S., Gambill, L., Smith, S., & Blenner, M. (2015) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.5b00100 · Cited by 104
Bansal, M., Kumar, A. A., & Yella, V. R. (2014) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2014.01.007 · Cited by 107
Fang, L., Liu, S., Liu, M., Kang, X., Lin, S., Li, B., Connor, E. E., Baldwin, R. L., Tenesa, A., Ma, L., et al. (2019) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-019-0687-8 · Cited by 103
A recellularized human colon model identifies cancer driver genes
Chen, H. J., Wei, Z., Sun, J. M., Bhattacharya, A., Savage, D. J., Serda, R. E., Mackeyev, Y., Curley, S. A., Bu, P., Wang, L., et al. (2016) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3586 · Cited by 99
“We mapped these clonal insertion sites in each sample to the human genome annotation file, RefGene, and picked the sites that were located within 1000 bp of known transcripts in RefGene to cover both the core promoter and proximal promoter elements [48].”
MethodA chromosome inversion near the KIT gene and the Tobiano spotting pattern in horses
Brooks, S. A., Lear, T. L., Adelson, D. L., & Bailey, E. (2007) · Cytogenetic and Genome Research · doi:10.1159/000112065 · Cited by 101
“Regulatory gene elements that form a loop structure, like enhancers, insulators, and locus control regions, can bind sequences both upstream and downstream of their target gene (Maston et al., 2006).”
BackgroundReynolds, R. H., Botía, J. A., Nalls, M. A., Noyce, A. J., Nicolas, A., Cookson, M., Bandrés‐Ciga, S., Gibbs, J. R., Hernandez, D. G., Singleton, A., et al. (2019) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-019-0076-6 · Cited by 101
Promoter-Enhancer Communication Occurs Primarily within Insulated Neighborhoods
Sun, F., Chronis, C., Kronenberg, M., Chen, X., Su, T., Lay, F. D., Plath, K., Kurdistani, S. K., & Carey, M. (2018) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.10.039 · Cited by 94
“Promoter-enhancer deletion studies established long ago that a transcription factor-bound proximal promoter is necessary for the enhancer to function on a gene (Maston et al., 2006).”
BackgroundCharacterization of Enhancer Function from Genome-Wide Analyses
Maston, G. A., Landt, S. G., Snyder, M. P., & Green, M. R. (2012) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090711-163723 · Cited by 105
Self-citationProgress and challenges in bioinformatics approaches for enhancer identification
Kleftogiannis, D., Kalnis, P., & Bajić, V. B. (2015) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbv101 · Cited by 92
“th e A U C co m p ar ed w it h st at eo fth ear t H M M ba se d m et h o d s – [3 2]”
BackgroundInfluentialManagement of Gene Promoter Mutations in Molecular Diagnostics
de Vooght, K. M. K., van Wijk, R., & van Solinge, W. W. (2009) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.120931 · Cited by 94
ChIA-PET analysis of transcriptional chromatin interactions
Zhang, J., Poh, H. M., Peh, S. Q., Sia, Y. Y., Li, G., Mulawadi, F. H., Goh, Y., Fullwood, M. J., Sung, W.-K. K., Ruan, X., et al. (2012) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.08.009 · Cited by 96
Scranton, M. A., Ostrand, J. T., Georgianna, D. R., Lofgren, S., Li, D. D., Ellis, R. C., Carruthers, D. N., Dräger, A., Masica, D. L., & Mayfield, S. P. (2016) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2016.02.011 · Cited by 93
Clinical, Histopathological, and Molecular Diagnostics in Lethal Lung Developmental Disorders
Vincent, M., Karolak, J. A., Deutsch, G. H., Gambin, T., Popek, E. J., Isidor, B., Szafrański, P., Caignec, C. L., & Stankiewicz, P. (2019) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201903-0495tr · Cited by 92
“within promoters, enhancers, or silencers are well known to control gene activity (81).”
BackgroundEmergence of the Noncoding Cancer Genome: A Target of Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations
Zhou, S., Treloar, A. E., & Lupien, M. (2016) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0745 · Cited by 89
“These cis-regulatory elements are directly involved in modulating gene expression and noncoding RNA transcription through long-range chromatin interactions (Figure 1A–D) (7,8).”
BackgroundDetailing regulatory networks through large scale data integration
Huttenhower, C., Mutungu, K. T., Indik, N., Yang, W., Schroeder, M., Forman, J. J., Troyanskaya, O. G., & Coller, H. A. (2009) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp588 · Cited by 90
Metadata
- Authors
- Maston, G. A., Evans, S. K., & Green, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2006-09-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-59
- ISSN
- 1527-8204 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-293X
- OpenAlex
- W2159164310
- Cited by
- 937
- References
- 202
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 72 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Human Genome Research Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gene Regulatory Network Analysis
- Keywords
- transcriptional regulatory elements, core promoter, proximal promoter, distal enhancers, silencers, insulators, locus control region, general transcription factors, transcriptional activator, transcriptional coactivator, gene expression regulation, human genome annotation
- MeSH terms
- Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Transcription Factors, Genome, Human, Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review