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Toll-like receptors in innate immunity
Abstract
Functional characterization of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has established that innate immunity is a skillful system that detects invasion of microbial pathogens. Recognition of microbial components by TLRs initiates signal transduction pathways, which triggers expression of genes. These gene products control innate immune responses and further instruct development of antigen-specific acquired immunity. TLR signaling pathways are finely regulated by TIR domain-containing adaptors, such as MyD88, TIRAP/Mal, TRIF and TRAM. Differential utilization of these TIR domain-containing adaptors provides specificity of individual TLR-mediated signaling pathways. Several mechanisms have been elucidated that negatively control TLR signaling pathways, and thereby prevent overactivation of innate immunity leading to fatal immune disorders. The involvement of TLR-mediated pathways in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has been proposed. Thus, TLR-mediated activation of innate immunity controls not only host defense against pathogens but also immune disorders.
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“Among the mentioned PRRs, TLRs play crucial role in the inflammatory responses to pathogenic infection and have been a target for many studies exploring phagocytosis course [201,202,203].”
From MicroRNAs as Regulators of Phagocytosis (2022) · cites this paper as [202]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Takeda, K.
- Affiliations
- Kyushu University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Takeda, K.
- ORCID
- Takeda, K.
- Venue
- International Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-11-22
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 0953-8178 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2377
- OpenAlex
- W2157339124
- Cited by
- 3,328
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 129 · 2019: 155 · 2018: 154 · 2017: 153 · 2016: 175 · 2015: 177 · 2014: 198 · 2013: 168 · 2012: 190
- FWCI
- 55.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Naito Foundation
- Uehara Memorial Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- Toll-like receptors, innate immunity, TLR signaling pathways, MyD88, TRIF, tram, autoimmune disease, inflammatory diseases, host defense against infection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacteria, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Infections, Membrane Glycoproteins, Phagocytosis, Phylogeny, Receptors, Cell Surface, Viruses, Signal Transduction, Toll-Like Receptors
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