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Regulation of Muscle Protein by Amino Acids
Open accessAbstract
Amino acid availability is a potent regulator of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). We have performed a series of studies using stable isotope methodology and the arteriovenous balance approach to quantify many aspects of the response of MPS, breakdown, and the balance between synthesis and breakdown to changes in the availability of amino acids. A constant intake of amino acids stimulates MPS in a dose-dependent manner until concentrations are approximately doubled, after which further increases in concentration are ineffective. MPS rises more rapidly after bolus ingestion to a peak rate of MPS higher than during constant intake, but the response is transient. A reduction in amino acid availability below basal levels inhibits MPS. Ingestion of nonessential amino acids is not needed to stimulate MPS. When carbohydrate alone is ingested there is minimal effect on MPS, but there is an interactive effect with amino acid ingestion, meaning the response to amino acids plus glucose is more than the sum of their individual effects. Finally, acute anabolic responses in net MPS correspond quantitatively to differences in 24-h net muscle balances.
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“Collectively, this data indicates that ingesting 6–12 g of the essential amino acids (EAA) in the absence of feeding [200] and prior to [201, 202] and/or following resistance exercise stimulates protein synthesis [202–208], with this response being largely independent of the protein source or food type [209].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [202]
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“and that ingestion of 6–12 g of a complete essential amino acid mixture are needed to maximize muscle protein synthesis [201–208, 555].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [202]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wolfe, R. R.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wolfe, Robert R.
- ORCID
- Wolfe, Robert R.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-10
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3219S-3224S
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2135532864
- Cited by
- 288
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 3.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (AG-15780, R01AG015780)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- muscle protein synthesis, amino acid availability, muscle protein degradation, non-essential amino acids, carbohydrate intake, anabolic response
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acids, Animals, Humans, Kinetics, Leg, Muscle Proteins, Nutritive Value, Radioisotope Dilution Technique, Muscle, Skeletal
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