Cited by 243Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, PhenomenaAstrophysics and Star Formation StudiesStellar, planetary, and galactic studies

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The E-MOSAICS project: simulating the formation and co-evolution of galaxies and their star cluster populations

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Pfeffer, Joel, Kruijssen, J M Diederik, Crain, Robert A, Bastian, Nate·2018·Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI 10.1093/mnras/stx3124

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Abstract

We introduce the MOdelling Star cluster population Assembly In Cosmological Simulations within EAGLE (E-MOSAICS) project. E-MOSAICS incorporates models describing the formation, evolution, and disruption of star clusters into the EAGLE galaxy formation simulations, enabling the examination of the co-evolution of star clusters and their host galaxies in a fully cosmological context. A fraction of the star formation rate of dense gas is assumed to yield a cluster population; this fraction and the population's initial properties are governed by the physical properties of the natal gas. The subsequent evolution and disruption of the entire cluster population are followed accounting for two-body relaxation, stellar evolution, and gravitational shocks induced by the local tidal field. This introductory paper presents a detailed description of the model and initial results from a suite of 10 simulations of ∼L⋆ galaxies with disc-like morphologies at z = 0. The simulations broadly reproduce key observed characteristics of young star clusters and globular clusters (GCs), without invoking separate formation mechanisms for each population. The simulated GCs are the surviving population of massive clusters formed at early epochs (z ≳ 1–2), when the characteristic pressures and surface densities of star-forming gas were significantly higher than observed in local galaxies. We examine the influence of the star formation and assembly histories of galaxies on their cluster populations, finding that (at similar present-day mass) earlier-forming galaxies foster a more massive and disruption-resilient cluster population, while galaxies with late mergers are capable of forming massive clusters even at late cosmic epochs. We find that the phenomenological treatment of interstellar gas in EAGLE precludes the accurate modelling of cluster disruption in low-density environments, but infer that simulations incorporating an explicitly modelled cold interstellar gas phase will overcome this shortcoming.

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AGE DETERMINATION OF 15 OLD TO INTERMEDIATE-AGE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD STAR CLUSTERS
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Observations of metals in thez ≈ 3.5 intergalactic medium and comparison to the EAGLE simulations
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Sorted by citations

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Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations
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“Most recently, these efforts have been aided by the E-MOSAICS project, which is a suite of selfconsistent, hydrodynamical cosmological simulations with a complete model for the formation and evolution of the GC population (Pfeffer et al. 2018; Kruijssen et al. 2019a).”
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Authors: Pfeffer, J., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Crain, R. A., & Bastian, N.
Affiliations: Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
Heidelberg University (DE)
Corresponding author: Pfeffer, Joel
ORCID: Pfeffer, Joel
Kruijssen, J M Diederik
Crain, Robert A
Bastian, Nate
Venue: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2017-12-05
Volume: 475
Issue: 4
Pages: 4309-4346
ISSN: 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
1365-2966
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx3124
OpenAlex: W2773772132
Cited by: 243
References: 199
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 13.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
arxiv.org
Locations: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
Liverpool John Moores University (acceptedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders: European Research Council (ERC-CoG-646928-Multi-Pop)
DFG (KR4801/1-1, PI Kruijssen)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Keywords: star cluster populations, globular clusters, star cluster disruption, galaxy co-evolution, EAGLE simulation, cosmological hydrodynamics, two-body relaxation, tidal field, stellar evolution, galaxy assembly history, star formation rate, disk galaxies

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The E-MOSAICS project: simulating the formation and co-evolution of galaxies and their star cluster populations

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