Evolution of galaxy stellar masses and star formation rates in the eagle simulations
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We investigate the evolution of galaxy masses and star formation rates in the Evolution and Assembly of Galaxies and their Environment (EAGLE) simulations.These comprise a suite of hydrodynamical simulations in a cold dark matter cosmogony with subgrid models for radiative cooling, star formation, stellar mass-loss and feedback from stars and accreting black holes.The subgrid feedback was calibrated to reproduce the observed present-day galaxy stellar mass function and galaxy sizes.Here, we demonstrate that the simulations reproduce the observed growth of the stellar mass density to within 20 per cent.The simulations also track the observed evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function out to redshift z = 7, with differences comparable to the plausible uncertainties in the interpretation of the data.Just as with observed galaxies, the specific star formation rates of simulated galaxies are bimodal, with distinct star forming and passive sequences.The specific star formation rates of star-forming galaxies are typically 0.2 to 0.5 dex lower than observed, but the evolution of the rates track the observations closely.The unprecedented level of agreement between simulation and data across cosmic time makes EAGLE a powerful resource to understand the physical processes that govern galaxy formation.
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The good agreement between halo contraction predictions in three simulation suites reflects that these simulations have galaxy growth histories that match observations.
“the good agreement between the halo contraction predictions in our three simulations suites reflects the fact that these simulations have galaxy growth histories that match observations (see Furlong et al. 2015, and discussion therein).”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Furlong et al. 2015
Section 5 (Discussion; page not provided) says the EAGLE simulations reproduce observed galaxy stellar-mass growth reasonably well, supporting the growth-history part of the claim. The paper does not establish that three simulation suites match observations or that their growth histories explain agreement in halo-contraction predictions. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe EAGLE model reproduces galaxy rotation curves, the bimodal distribution of star formation rates and cosmic star formation history, the Hubble sequence of galaxy morphologies, and the Tully-Fisher relation over a wide range of galaxy masses.
“The EAGLE model reproduces galaxy rotation curves (Schaller et al. 2015), the bimodal distribution of star formation rates and the cosmic star formation history (Furlong et al. 2015), the Hubble sequence of galaxy morphologies (Trayford et al. 2015) and the Tully-Fisher relation over a wide range of galaxy masses (Ferrero et al. 2017).”
From The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 (2020) · cites this paper as Furlong et al. 2015
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“…Duffy et al. 2010; Dutton et al. 2016; Artale et al. 2019); the good agreement between the halo contraction predictions in our three simulations suites reflects the fact that these simulations have galaxy growth histories that match observations (see Furlong et al. 2015, and discussion therein).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Milky Way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Cautun, M., Benitez-Llambay, A., Deason, A. J., Frenk, C. S., Fattahi, A., Gómez, F. A., Grand, R. J. J., Oman, K. A., Navarro, J. F., & Simpson, C. M. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.04557 · Cited by 335
Self-citationColours and luminosities of <i>z</i> = 0.1 galaxies in the eagle simulation
Trayford, J. W., Theuns, T., Bower, R. G., Schaye, J., Furlong, M., Schaller, M., Frenk, C. S., Crain, R. A., Vecchia, C. D., & McCarthy, I. G. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1461 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationPfeffer, J., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Crain, R. A., & Bastian, N. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3124 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Self-citationZanisi, L., Huertas-Company, M., Lanusse, F., Bottrell, C., Pillepich, A., Nelson, D., Rodriguez-Gomez, V., Shankar, F., Hernquist, L., Dekel, A., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3864 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
- Authors
- Furlong, M., Bower, R. G., Theuns, T., Schaye, J., Crain, R. A., Schaller, M., Dalla Vecchia, C., Frenk, C. S., McCarthy, I. G., Helly, J., Jenkins, A., & Rosas-Guevara, Y. M.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Liverpool John Moores University (GB)
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Furlong, M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-05-22
- Volume
- 450
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 4486-4504
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2117644792
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 15
- FWCI
- 28.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Liverpool John Moores University (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (FP7/2007-2013)
- European Commission (238356, 278594, 2007–2013, 256573, FP7 2007-2013, FP7/2007)
- Durham University (ST/K00042X/1, ST/K003267/1, ST/H008519/1)
- Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe AISBL
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (ST/K00042X/1, FP7 2007-2013, ST/H008519/1)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/I000976/1, ST/H008519, ST/I004459/2, ST/K00042X/1, ST/L00061X/1, ST/I00162X/1, ST/L00075X/1, FP7/2007-2013, ST/M007006/1, ST/I004459/1, ST/F001166/1, ST/H008519/1, ST/K003267/1)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (267291, 321334)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- galaxy stellar mass function, star formation rate evolution, EAGLE simulation, cold dark matter cosmology, stellar mass density, galaxy formation, fluid simulation, high-redshift galaxies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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