A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes
Open accessAbstract
The appearance of photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae and plants) dramatically altered the Earth's ecosystem, making possible all vertebrate life on land, including humans. Dating algal origin is, however, frustrated by a meager fossil record. We generated a plastid multi-gene phylogeny with Bayesian inference and then used maximum likelihood molecular clock methods to estimate algal divergence times. The plastid tree was used as a surrogate for algal host evolution because of recent phylogenetic evidence supporting the vertical ancestry of the plastid in the red, green, and glaucophyte algae. Nodes in the plastid tree were constrained with six reliable fossil dates and a maximum age of 3,500 MYA based on the earliest known eubacterial fossil. Our analyses support an ancient (late Paleoproterozoic) origin of photosynthetic eukaryotes with the primary endosymbiosis that gave rise to the first alga having occurred after the split of the Plantae (i.e., red, green, and glaucophyte algae plus land plants) from the opisthokonts sometime before 1,558 MYA. The split of the red and green algae is calculated to have occurred about 1,500 MYA, and the putative single red algal secondary endosymbiosis that gave rise to the plastid in the cryptophyte, haptophyte, and stramenopile algae (chromists) occurred about 1,300 MYA. These dates, which are consistent with fossil evidence for putative marine algae (i.e., acritarchs) from the early Mesoproterozoic (1,500 MYA) and with a major eukaryotic diversification in the very late Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic, provide a molecular timeline for understanding algal evolution.
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Two relaxed clock dating studies, among metazoans and photosynthetic eukaryotes, yielded results that are at first sight incongruent with our estimates.
“Recently, two relaxed clock dating studies, among metazoans (23) and photosynthetic eukaryotes (50), yielded results that are at first sight incongruent with our estimates.”
From The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? (2004) · cites this paper as [50]
This is incompatible with the respective 1,174- to 1,222- and 594- to 603-Mya constraints used in reference (50).
“This is incompatible with the respective 1,174- to 1,222- and 594- to 603-Mya constraints used in reference (50).”
From The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? (2004) · cites this paper as [50]
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- Authors
- Yoon, H. S., Hackett, J. D., Ciniglia, C., Pinto, G., & Bhattacharya, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yoon, Hwan Su
- Venue
- Molecular Biology and Evolution
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 809-818
- ISSN
- 0737-4038 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-1719
- OpenAlex
- W2100420410
- Cited by
- 945
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 15.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Biology and Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (submittedVersion)
- INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant Diversity and Evolution
- Keywords
- plastid phylogeny, primary endosymbiosis, secondary endosymbiosis, red algae, green algae, glaucophyte algae, plants, opisthokonts, molecular clock, fossil calibration, Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic, eukaryotic diversification, cryptophytes, haptophytes, stramenopiles, acritarchs
- MeSH terms
- Bayes Theorem, DNA, Eukaryotic Cells, Biological Evolution, Photosynthesis, Phylogeny, Plants, Time Factors, Likelihood Functions, Genes, Plant, Plastids, Evolution, Molecular, Eukaryota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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