The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 33 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the prediction of early smoking lapse and relapse during smoking cessation treatment
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: The present investigation examined whether anxiety sensitivity, relative to anxiety and depressive symptoms, was related to duration to early smoking lapse and relapse (during first 2 weeks postquit) among daily smokers receiving smoking cessation treatment. METHODS: Participants included 123 daily cigarette smokers (84 women; M(age) = 45.93 years, SD = 10.34) living in the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, Canada. RESULTS: Anxiety sensitivity was significantly associated with an increased risk of early smoking lapse (i.e., any smoking behavior) at days 1, 7, and 14 following the quit day. Such effects were evident above and beyond the variance accounted for by gender, nicotine dependence, and nicotine withdrawal symptoms, as well as the shared variance with prequit (baseline) anxiety and depressive symptoms. In contrast to expectation, anxiety sensitivity was not related to smoking relapse (i.e., seven consecutive days of smoking) during the first 2 weeks of quitting. DISCUSSION: Results are discussed in terms of better understanding the role of anxiety sensitivity, along with other affective vulnerability processes, in early problems encountered during a quit attempt.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Among daily smokers in a 4-week group cessation program, higher anxiety sensitivity predicted earlier smoking lapse during the first 2 weeks post-quit but did not predict relapse. Depressive symptoms, not anxiety symptoms, predicted early relapse.
Key findings
- Anxiety sensitivity (ASI-Total) was significantly associated with lapse at day 1 (OR = 1.04, p < .05), day 7 (HR = 1.02, p < .05), and day 14 (HR = 1.02, p < .05), above gender, nicotine dependence, nicotine withdrawal, and baseline anxiety/depressive symptoms.
- Anxiety sensitivity was not significantly related to relapse; instead, depressive symptoms (MASQ-AD) predicted relapse at day 1 (OR = 1.07, p < .01), day 7 (HR = 1.05, p < .01), and day 14 (HR = 1.03, p = .01).
- Depressive symptoms also predicted day 1 lapse (OR = 1.04, p < .05), while anxious arousal (MASQ-AA) was not significantly associated with lapse or relapse.
- By day 14 postcessation, 74.5% (n = 79) lapsed and 45.7% (n = 48) relapsed; at day 1, 52.9% lapsed and 24.5% relapsed; at day 7, 68.3% lapsed and 28.2% relapsed.
Methods
- Prospective study of 123 daily cigarette smokers (84 women; M age = 45.93 years) recruited from a structured 4-week group Tobacco Intervention Program in Halifax, Nova Scotia; analyses included 106 participants with smoking calendar data at or following the quit day.
- Baseline measures included the Smoking History Questionnaire, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (quit day), Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (Anxious Arousal and Anhedonic Depression subscales), and Anxiety Sensitivity Index.
- Participants completed daily smoking calendar logs for 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after the quit date; analyses used zero-order correlations, logistic regression for day 1 lapse/relapse, and Cox proportional hazards regression for day 7 and day 14 outcomes, with gender, FTND, and MWS as covariates.
Limitations
- The paper states the sample was relatively homogeneous (e.g., primarily White) and self-selected, limiting generalizability; it also notes the study included only some possible emotional risk factors, relied on self-reported smoking logs without biochemical verification, lacked diagnostic assessments, and did not fix the quit date relative to the 4-week program.
- The treatment context may limit conclusions about anxiety sensitivity and relapse: the authors note that evidence-based cessation care may have helped anxiety-sensitive smokers recover from lapses, and suggest future self-guided quit attempts or longer follow-up may be needed.
- The 2-week post-quit timeframe may have been too short to detect anxiety sensitivity–relapse effects, as the authors state.
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Claims the paper makes
22 Not checked yet · 15 Own result · 10 Own interpretation · 7 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the covariates were signifi cantly associated with relapse during the fi rst day postcessation.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Lapse and relapse
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only MASQ-AD ( HR = 1.05, p < .01)was signifi cantly associated with increased odds of relapse during the fi rst week postcessation.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Lapse and relapse
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NRT use did not confound the relationships between the predictors (anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, nicotine dependence) and early lapse/relapse.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“FTND-Total ( HR = 1.18, p < .05)and MASQ-AD ( HR = 1.03, p = .01)were both signifi cantly associated with increased odds of relapse during the fi rst 2 weeks postcessation.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Lapse and relapse
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, ASI-Total ( HR = 1.02, p < .05)was associated with signifi cantly increased odds of lapsing during the fi rst week following cessation.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Lapse and relapse
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NRT use did not confound the relationships between the predictors (anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, nicotine dependence) and early lapse/relapse.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“FTND-Total ( HR = 1.18, p < .05)and MASQ-AD ( HR = 1.03, p = .01)were both signifi cantly associated with increased odds of relapse during the fi rst 2 weeks postcessation.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Lapse and relapse
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NRT use did not confound the relationships between the predictors (anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, nicotine dependence) and early lapse/relapse.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ASI-Total ( HR = 1.02, p < .05)also was associated with signifi cantly increased odds of lapsing during the fi rst 2 weeks following cessation.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Lapse and relapse
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NRT use did not confound the relationships between the predictors (anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, nicotine dependence) and early lapse/relapse.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the covariates were signifi cantly associated with lapse during the fi rst day postcessation.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Lapse and relapse
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of day 14, the overall proportional hazards regression model was only marginally signifi cant, c 2 (6) = 11.57,p = .07.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Lapse and relapse
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the three covariates, only FTND-Total ( HR = 1.20, p < .01)was significantly associated with increased odds of lapsing during the fi rst 2 weeks postcessation.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Lapse and relapse
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such effects were evident above and beyond the variance accounted for by gender, nicotine dependence, and nicotine withdrawal symptoms, as well as the shared variance with prequit (baseline) anxiety and depressive symptoms.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: NRT use did not confound the relationships between the predictors (anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, nicotine dependence) and early lapse/relapse.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 11
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The size of the anxiety sensitivity effects was nearly identical for each measurement timepoint, generally as robust as those observed for nicotine dependence (at days 1, 7, and 14) and essentially identical to those observed for depressive symptoms (at day 1).”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found evidence that depressive symptoms at baseline were a signifi cant predictor of both early lapse (at day 1) and early relapse (at days 1, 7, and 14).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Although not the primary aim of the investigation, we found that depressive symptoms were a signifi cant predictor of early lapse and relapse effects.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The ASI is unique from, and demonstrates incremental predictive validity relative to, trait anxiety ( McNally, 2002 ) and negative affectivity ( Zvolensky, Kotov, Antipova, & Schmidt, 2005 ).”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Anxiety Sensitivity Index .
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McNally, 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Zvolensky, Kotov, Antipova, & Schmidt, 2005
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Anxiety sensitivity refl ects individual differences in the fear of anxiety and arousal-related sensations ( McNally, 2002 ;Taylor, 1999 ).”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McNally, 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Taylor, 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These fi ndings, which are in accord with integrated theoretical anxiety smoking models ( Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005 ;Zvolensky et al., 2003 ), replicate and uniquely extend past prospective work on anxiety sensitivity and early smoking lapse ( Brown et al., 2001 ).”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown et al., 2001 source
- Not checked yetcites Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Zvolensky et al., 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although history of major depressive disorder is not a signifi cant risk factor for poor cessation outcome in the majority of available studies ( Hitsman et al., 2003 )”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hitsman et al., 2003 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The FTND has shown good internal consistency, positive relations with key smoking variables (e.g., salivary cotinine; Heatherton et al., 1991 ), and high degrees of test -retest reliability ( Pomerleau, Carton, Lutzke, Flessland, & Pomerleau, 1994 ).”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence .
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MWS; Hughes & Hatsukami, 1986 ) is a reliable and sensitive seven-item self-report scale that was used to measure nicotine withdrawal symptoms on the quit day.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale .
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hughes & Hatsukami, 1986
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“only the MASQ-AA and MASQ-AD subscales were used in the present investigation because they provide psychometrically sound and empirically specifi c composites for”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire .
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Watson et al., 1995 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depressionprone smokers may be more apt to become hopeless about successfully overcoming an early lapse and therefore be more likely to experience a full relapse during this same time period.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both aversive states routinely occur upon abstinence from smoking ( Hughes, Higgins, & Hatsukami, 1990 ).”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hughes, Higgins, & Hatsukami, 1990
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It remains plausible that, given the established relationship between anxiety sensitivity and early lapse, repeated lapses over time may place anxiety-sensitive smokers at increased risk for relapse in the longer term (i.e., after the fi rst 2 weeks of the smoking cessation attempt).”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, because the present study involved the administration of evidence-based care strategies for smoking cessation, anxiety-sensitive smokers may have been aided by such treatment elements (e.g., learned skill-based coping strategies for avoiding relapse) that helped them recover from lapses and possibly prevented relapses.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, determination of lapse and relapse was based on participants' self-reports in their daily smoking logs and did not include biochemical verifi cation of smoking status.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although past work has found that anxiety disorders are associated with early relapse ( Zvolensky, Gibson, et al., 2008 )”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zvolensky, Gibson, et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the quit date for the present study was not fi xed relative to the 4-week program.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the present sample comprised a relatively homogenous (e.g., primarily White) group of adult smokers who volunteered to participate.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, some participants might have quit before they covered relevant program content that might have been useful for a high-anxiety-sensitive smoker.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This method of tracking smoking patterns has been used successfully in past prospective work on smoking behavior ( McLeish, Zvolensky, & Bucossi, 2007 ;Zvolensky, Gibson, et al., 2008 ).”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Smoking calendar logs .
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLeish, Zvolensky, & Bucossi, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Zvolensky, Gibson, et al., 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“At a broad-based level, the present data add to the growing literature suggesting that smokers with emotional risk factors such as anxiety sensitivity and depressive symptoms may profi t from specialized treatment approaches for the purpose of preventing early lapse and relapse ( Zvolensky, Bernstein, Yartz, McLeish, & Feldner, 2008 ).”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zvolensky, Bernstein, Yartz, McLeish, & Feldner, 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the present results may suggest that anxiety sensitivity is particularly useful in terms of understanding early lapse but not necessarily early relapse.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fifth, the present study did not include diagnostic assessments of past or present psychopathology.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings of the present study can inform conceptually the development of specialized intervention strategies for smokers who tend to lapse and relapse early in their quit attempts.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Although past work has indicated that such self-reported smoking behavior is reliable ( McLeish et al., 2007 ), the fi ndings could nevertheless be infl uenced by the veracity and accuracy of participants' self-report of their emotional status and smoking behavior.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLeish et al., 2007 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These emotional factors are naturally only some of many possible emotional risk candidates for early lapse and relapse in smoking cessation.”
§ Anxiety sensitivity and anxiety and depressive symptoms in the > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
NRT use did not confound the relationships between the predictors (anxiety sensitivity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, nicotine dependence) and early lapse/relapse.
“Participants had the option of using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) during the study (see Measures and Procedure), and all accepted the optional NRT.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The association between anxiety sensitivity and early lapse/relapse is not due to unmeasured confounding.
“Each model included gender, nicotine dependence (FTND-Total), and nicotine withdrawal -quit day (MWS-Total) as theoretically relevant covariates.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The timing of quit dates relative to the 4-week program averaged out across participants.
“Although this timing should have averaged out across participants, it would be ideal to standardize the quit date relative to the program start in future research.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Early lapse to smoking is both common and predictive of subsequent return to regular smoking (i.e., relapse; Brown, Lejuez, Kahler, Strong, & Zvolensky, 2005; Shiffman et al., 1997; Zvolensky, Stewart, Vujanovic, Gavric, & Steeves, 2009).”
From A randomized controlled trial protocol for engaging distress tolerance and working memory to aid smoking cessation in low socioeconomic status (SES) adults (2020) · cites this paper as Zvolensky, Stewart, Vujanovic, Gavric, & Steeves, 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Considerable research has assessed the impact of depression and anxiety on cessation outcomes, with a number of studies reporting that depression and anxiety place smokers at increased risk for cessation failure [9-14], with other studies suggesting that the evidence is inconclusive [6,15-18].”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Wellness Program for Latine Adults Who Smoke and Have Psychological Distress: Protocol for a Feasibility Study (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Interestingly, individuals with PD specifically have been shown to have particularly difficult experiences with withdrawal and high rates of relapse, due to the syndromic sensitivity to these intereoceptive arousal cues that characterize withdrawal from tobacco or other substances of abuse (Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005; Zvolensky, Stewart, Vujanovic, Gavric, & Steeves, 2009).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Zvolensky, Stewart, Vujanovic, Gavric, & Steeves, 2009
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zvolensky, M. J., Stewart, S. H., Vujanovic, A. A., Gavric, D., & Steeves, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zvolensky, Michael J.
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-02-23
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 323-331
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-994X
- PMC
- PMC2666379
- OpenAlex
- W2171742037
- Semantic Scholar
- 9596f1416e8f17f1fc3b1a78f51f167ff9e31623
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 5.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Dalhousie University
- Killam Trusts
- National Institutes of Health (5r01da018734-03)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 076629-01, R01MH076629)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R03DA016307, DA 16307-01, F31DA021006, DA018734--01A1, DA021006-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- anxiety sensitivity, smoking cessation, smoking relapse, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, nicotine dependence, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, emotional vulnerability, daily smokers
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nova Scotia, Surveys and Questionnaires, Recurrence, Smoking, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Smoking Cessation
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