Cited by 38Lung Cancer Treatments and MutationsLung Cancer Research StudiesLung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

Advances and future directions in ROS1 fusion-positive lung cancer

Open access
Boulanger, Mary C, Schneider, Jaime L, Lin, Jessica J·2024·The Oncologist

Abstract

ROS1 gene fusions are an established oncogenic driver comprising 1%-2% of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Successful targeting of ROS1 fusion oncoprotein with oral small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has revolutionized the treatment landscape of metastatic ROS1 fusion-positive (ROS1+) NSCLC and transformed outcomes for patients. The preferred Food and Drug Administration-approved first-line therapies include crizotinib, entrectinib, and repotrectinib, and currently, selection amongst these options requires consideration of the systemic and CNS efficacy, tolerability, and access to therapy. Of note, resistance to ROS1 TKIs invariably develops, limiting the clinical benefit of these agents and leading to disease relapse. Progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of resistance has enabled the development of numerous next-generation ROS1 TKIs, which achieve broader coverage of ROS1 resistance mutations and superior CNS penetration than first-generation TKIs, as well as other therapeutic strategies to address TKI resistance. The approach to subsequent therapy depends on the pace and pattern of progressive disease on the initial ROS1 TKI and, if known, the mechanisms of TKI resistance. Herein, we describe a practical approach for the selection of initial and subsequent therapies for metastatic ROS1+ NSCLC based on these clinical considerations. Additionally, we explore the evolving evidence for the optimal treatment of earlier-stage, non–metastatic ROS1+ NSCLC, while, in parallel, highlighting future research directions with the goal of continuing to build on the tremendous progress in the management of ROS1+ NSCLC and ultimately improving the longevity and well-being of people living with this disease.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/oncolo/oyae205

Cites

116 of 116 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Patients treated with first-generation ROS1 TKIs progress because of off-target bypass pathway activation, leading to refractory disease, development of on-target acquired resistance mutations such as G2032R, or brain metastases.

    “ROS1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) transformed clinical outcomes for ROS1+ NSCLC; however, patients treated with first-generation TKIs progress because of off-target bypass pathway activation, leading to refractory disease, development of on-target acquired resistance mutations such as G2032R, or brain metastases.1,6”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Boulanger, M. C., Schneider, J. L., & Lin, J. J.
Affiliations
Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
Corresponding author
Lin, Jessica J
Venue
The Oncologist
Published
2024-08-23
Volume
29
Issue
11
Pages
943-956
ISSN
  • 1083-7159 (ISSN-L)
  • 1549-490X
OpenAlex
W4401835091
Cited by
38
References
116
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 1
FWCI
2.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Oncologist (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Cancer Institute (R01CA164273, T32CA071345)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Treatments and Mutations
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Lung Cancer Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Keywords
ROS1 rearrangement, non-small cell lung cancer, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, crizotinib, entrectinib, repotrectinib, tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, CNS penetration, first-line therapy selection, second-line therapy, targeted therapy
MeSH terms
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Oncogene Proteins, Fusion, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Protein Kinase Inhibitors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review