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Burial Metamorphism in the Hamersley Basin, Western Australia

SMITH, R. E., PERDRIX, J. L., PARKS, T. C.·1982·Journal of Petrology

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Abstract

The low-grade metamorphic minerals prehnite, pumpellyite, epidote and actinolite in rocks of basic and intermediate composition have a broad, systematic distribution in the Hamersley Basin. Assemblages of these minerals are wisespread in the Fortescue Group, the lowermost group in the Hamersley Basin. Because of sunsuitability of rock type no relevant mineral assemblages were observed in samples from the Hamersley Group. However, metamorphism of this group can be implied from mineral assemblages in the younger Turee Creek Group, and because the Hamersley Group conformably overlies the metamorphosed Fortescue Group. Unfolded stratigraphic cross sections show that depth of burial was the dominant control of increase in metamorphic grade. Four metamorphic zones are defined over a relative depth of burial of 9 km. From lowest grade to highest these are: Zone I (ZI) prehnite–pumpellyite zone; ZII, prehnite–pumpellyite–epidote zone; ZIII, prehnite–pumpellyite–epidote–actinolite zone; and ZIV, (prehnite–epidote–actinolite zone. Laumontite, definitive of the zeolite fades is absent but that part of the sequence may coincide with rocks of unsuitable composition, or may have been removed by erosion. A large area of prehnite–pumpellyite fades (ZI and ZII) dominates the north side of the basin, while greenschist fades (ZIV) dominates the south. Separating the two is a curved central strip of pumpellyite-actinolite facies (ZIII). Microprobe data of pumpellyites from the three pumpellyite–bearing zones, ZI, II and III, show two systematic trends: extensive variation in Al/Fe ratios at any one grade, and a general decrease of Mg with increasing metamorphism. Consideration of the compositions of the most abundant pumpellyites in the metabasic rocks shows that these two trends spread about a more fundamental linear trend towards AJ-enrichment with increasing metamorphism as total Fe and Mg decrease. Epidote shows a wide range in Fe content in ZII and ZIII (Ps15 to Ps40) crossing the miscibility gap proposed by Raith (1976). In ZIV epidote compositions are more aluminous and restricted in composition (Ps11 to Ps20). Magnesium has entered the epidote lattice in ZII and ZIII (up to 0–17 ions Mg where £ cations = 8) but to only half this in ZIV. Synthesis of the burial model with published experimental work puts constraints on the ancient thermal gradient that existed during burial metamorphism. For the peak of metamorphic adjustment fluid pressure appears to have been equal to load pressure. A relatively high gradient of 80 to 100 deg;C/km seems likely for the shallow part of the sequence, with a gradient of 40 deg;C/km for the deeper part of the sequence, the change being at about 2–5 km. The prehnite-pumpellyite facies corresponds to a fluid pressure of 0–5 to 1 kilobar and a temperature range of about 100 to 300 deg;C. The prehnite-bearing pumpellyite-actinolite facies is interpreted to have developed at about 1–5 kb over a temperature range of 300 to 360 deg;C. This facies is probably a low pressure subfacies of the pumpellyite-actinolite fades of Hashimoto (1966).

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Carbonate PbPb ages of the Wittenoom Formation and Carawine Dolomite, Hamersley Basin, Western Australia (with implications for their correlation with the Transvaal Dolomite of South Africa)
Jahn, B., & Simonson, B. M. (1995) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/0301-9268(94)00092-6 · Cited by 49
Widespread deposition of greenalite to form Banded Iron Formations before the Great Oxidation Event
Muhling, J. R., & Rasmussen, B. (2020) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105619 · Cited by 47
Environmental control on microbial diversification and methane production in the Mesoarchean
Stüeken, E. E., & Buick, R. (2018) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2017.11.003 · Cited by 47
“…been metamorphosed to sub-greenschist facies, as the immediately overlying terrestrial basalts and sediments of the ~2.77 Ga lower Fortescue Group are of prehnite-pumpellyite grade (Smith et al., 1982) and the Lalla Rookh mudrocks themselves are composed of illite and chlorite (Buick et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluential
Garnet‐filled trails associated with carbonaceous matter mimicking microbial filaments in Archean basalt
Lepot, K., Philippot, P., Benzerara, K., & Wang, G. Y. (2009) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00208.x · Cited by 47
“All these formations have experienced regional-scale low-grade metamorphism in the prehnite– pumpellyite facies between 100 and 300 C (Smith et al., 1982) at about 2.2 Ga (Rasmussen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Sulfur isotope's signal of nanopyrites enclosed in 2.7 Ga stromatolitic organic remains reveal microbial sulfate reduction
Marin‐Carbonne, J., Rémusat, L., Sforna, M.-C., Thomazo, C., Cartigny, P., & Philippot, P. (2018) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12275 · Cited by 50
The Genesis of the Hope Downs Iron Ore Deposit, Hamersley Province, Western Australia
Lascelles, D. F. (2006) · Economic Geology · doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.101.7.1359 · Cited by 44
U-Pb detrital zircon geochronology of the Turee Creek Group, Hamersley Basin, Western Australia: Timing and correlation of the Paleoproterozoic glaciations
Caquineau, T., Paquette, J., & Philippot, P. (2018) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2018.01.003 · Cited by 42
Paleomagnetism of late Archean rocks of Hamersley basin, Western Australia and the paleointensity at early Proterozoic
Sumita, I., Hatakeyama, T., Yoshihara, A., & Hamano, Y. (2001) · Physics of The Earth and Planetary Interiors · doi:10.1016/s0031-9201(01)00288-6 · Cited by 43
“This is consistent with the model of Smith et al. (1982) and is an additional evidence for the origin of high- and mid-temperature components as the thermal overprint during burial and uplift, respectively.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Sedimentology of the Paleoproterozoic Kungarra Formation, Turee Creek Group, Western Australia: A conformable record of the transition from early to modern Earth
Kranendonk, M. J. V., Mazumder, R., Yamaguchi, K. E., Yamada, K., & Ikehara, M. (2014) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2014.09.015 · Cited by 42
A review of Precambrian palaeomagnetism of Australia: Palaeogeography, supercontinents, glaciations and true polar wander
Schmidt, P. W. (2014) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.12.007 · Cited by 42
Oxygen and carbon isotope and cation geochemistry of metasomatic carbonates and fluids—Bergell aureole, Northern Italy
Taylor, B. E., & Bucher‐Nurminen, K. (1986) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(86)90410-2 · Cited by 42
Archean to early Paleoproterozoic iron formations document a transition in iron oxidation mechanisms
Wang, C., Robbins, L. J., Planavsky, N. J., Beukes, N. J., Patry, L. A., Lalonde, S. V., Lechte, M. A., Asael, D., Reinhard, C. T., Zhang, L., et al. (2022) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2022.12.002 · Cited by 42
“After deposition, these laterally extensive BIF have all experienced minor folding and basinal uplift along with low-grade regional metamor-phism, from burial prehnite-pumpellyite facies to greenschist facies (Smith et al., 1982).”
Background
Neoarchean (2.7 Ga) lacustrine stromatolite deposits in the Hartbeesfontein Basin, Ventersdorp Supergroup, South Africa: Implications for oxygen oases
Wilmeth, D. T., Corsetti, F. A., Beukes, N. J., Awramik, S. M., Petryshyn, V. A., Spear, J. R., & Celestian, A. J. (2018) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2018.11.009 · Cited by 41
Depositional history of the Main Tuff Interval of the Wittenoom Formation, late Archean—early Proterozoic Hamersley Group, Western Australia
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Pumpellyite-bearing rocks in central Sweden and extent of host rock alteration as a control of pumpellyite composition
Nyström, J. O. (1983) · Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology · doi:10.1007/bf00373089 · Cited by 41
Environmental niches and metabolic diversity in Neoarchean lakes
Stüeken, E. E., Buick, R., Anderson, R. E., Baross, J. A., Planavsky, N. J., & Lyons, T. W. (2017) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12251 · Cited by 44
“The metamorphic grade of these rocks is relatively low—sub-greenschist facies specifically—and thus well suited to our study (Smith et al., 1982).”
Background
Dating sedimentary rocks using in situ U-Pb geochronology of syneruptive zircon in ash-fall tuffs <1 mm thick
Rasmussen, B., & Fletcher, I. R. (2010) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g30567.1 · Cited by 39
Origin and significance of aromatic hydrocarbons in giant iron ore deposits of the late Archean Hamersley Basin, Western Australia
Brocks, J. J., Summons, R. E., Buick, R., & Logan, G. A. (2003) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0146-6380(03)00065-2 · Cited by 34
“The Hamersley Group was regionally metamorphosed to prehnite-pumpellyite facies (Zones II and III in Smith et al., 1982) and, therefore, the hydrogen content of kerogen is low (H/ C 0.1; Hayes et al., 1983).”
BackgroundInfluential
Deformation‐driven, regional‐scale metasomatism in the Hamersley Basin, Western Australia
White, A., leGras, M., Smith, R. E., & Nadoll, P. (2014) · Journal of Metamorphic Geology · doi:10.1111/jmg.12078 · Cited by 31
“Prehnite–pumpellyite facies in the north progresses to epidote– actinolite, mid-greenschist facies in the south and west (Fig. 1; Smith et al., 1982).”
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Chapter 11 Diagenesis and Metamorphism of Precambrian Banded Iron-Formations
Klein, C. (1983) · Developments in precambrian geology · doi:10.1016/s0166-2635(08)70052-5 · Cited by 33
Pumpellyites and coexisting minerals in different low‐grade metamorphic facies of Liguria, Italy
Lucchetti̇, G., Cabella, R., & Cortesogno, L. (1990) · Journal of Metamorphic Geology · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1990.tb00485.x · Cited by 32
Extreme 13C-depletions and organic sulfur content argue for S-fueled anaerobic methane oxidation in 2.72 Ga old stromatolites
Lepot, K., Williford, K. H., Philippot, P., Thomazo, C., Ushikubo, T., Kitajima, K., Mostefaoui, S., & Valley, J. W. (2018) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2018.10.014 · Cited by 33
How to Find a Precambrian Paleosol
Retallack, G. J. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76884-2_3 · Cited by 31
Structural Control, Hydrothermal Alteration Zonation, and Fluid Chemistry of the Concealed, High-Grade 4EE Iron Orebody at the Paraburdoo 4E Deposit, Hamersley Province, Western Australia
Thorne, W. S., Hagemann, S. G., Sepe, D., Dalstra, H. J., & Banks, D. A. (2014) · Economic Geology · doi:10.2113/econgeo.109.6.1529 · Cited by 32
Geological history of the early Proterozoic Paraburdoo Hinge Zone, Western Australia
Horwitz, R. C. (1982) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/0301-9268(82)90059-6 · Cited by 31
Two episodes of regional-scale Precambrian hydrothermal alteration in the eastern Pilbara, Western Australia
Blake, T. S., Rothery, E., Muhling, J. R., Drake-Brockman, J. A. P., Sprigg, L. C., Ho, S. E., Rasmussen, B., & Fletcher, I. R. (2011) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2011.03.010 · Cited by 14

Authors: SMITH, R. E., PERDRIX, J. L., & PARKS, T. C.
Affiliations: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
Venue: Journal of Petrology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1982-02-01
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 75-102
ISSN: 0022-3530 (ISSN-L)
1460-2415
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/23.1.75
OpenAlex: W2063126435
Cited by: 185
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 4.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Petrology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geology › Geological Studies and Exploration
Keywords: burial metamorphism, Hamersley Basin, Fortescue Group, prehnite-pumpellyite facies, epidote, actinolite, pumpellyite, zeolite facies, greenschist facies, burial depth, metamorphic grade, Al/Fe ratio, metabasites

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Burial Metamorphism in the Hamersley Basin, Western Australia

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