Cited by 1,187COVID-19 and Mental HealthMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMental Health Treatment and Access

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population

Open access

Serafini, G, Parmigiani, B, Amerio, A, Aguglia, A, Sher, L, Amore, M·2020·QJM: An International Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201PMC PMC7337855

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide. Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively. This work aimed to comprehensively review the current literature about the impact of COVID-19 infection on the mental health in the general population. The psychological impact of quarantine related to COVID-19 infection has been additionally documented together with the most relevant psychological reactions in the general population related to COVID-19 outbreak. The role of risk and protective factors against the potential to develop psychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals has been addressed as well. The main implications of the present findings have been discussed.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201

Cites

37 of 37 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

1 retracted

REMOVED: COVID 2019-suicides: A global psychological pandemic
Thakur, V., & Jain, A. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.062 · Cited by 380
Retracted
Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed
Xiang, Y.-T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30046-8 · Cited by 3,598
The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health
Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020915212 · Cited by 3,013
SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada
Hawryluck, L., Gold, W. L., Robinson, S., Pogorski, S., Galea, S., & Styra, R. (2004) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1007.030703 · Cited by 1,929
Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic
Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30073-0 · Cited by 1,885
The Psychological Impact of the SARS Epidemic on Hospital Employees in China: Exposure, Risk Perception, and Altruistic Acceptance of Risk
Wu, P., Fang, Y., Guan, Z., Fan, B., Kong, J., Yao, Z., Liu, X., Fuller, C. J., Susser, E., Lü, J., et al. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905400504 · Cited by 1,651
The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital.
Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Vincent, L. H., Bennett, J. P., Peladeau, N., Leszcz, M., Sadavoy, J., Verhaeghe, L. M., Steinberg, R. J., & Mazzulli, T. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,495
Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after health-related disasters
Sprang, G., & Silman, M. (2013) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2013.22 · Cited by 1,114
Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
Jeong, H., Yim, H. W., Song, Y.-J., Ki, M., Min, J.-A., Cho, J., & Chae, J.-H. (2016) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih.e2016048 · Cited by 1,103
Survey of Stress Reactions Among Health Care Workers Involved With the SARS Outbreak
Bai, Y., Lin, C.-C., Lin, C.-Y., Chen, J.-Y., Chue, C.-M., & Chou, P. (2004) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.55.9.1055 · Cited by 1,092

Show all 40 references

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 999

A health impact assessment of gender inequities associated with psychological distress during COVID19 in Australia’s most locked down state—Victoria
Brucki, B. M., Bagade, T., & Majeed, T. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14356-6 · Cited by 9
Salud mental de cuidadores de niños con trastornos del neurodesarrollo durante la pandemia
Restrepo, J. E., Quirama, T. C., Botero, M. G., & Molina-González, D. (2023) · Neurología Argentina · doi:10.1016/j.neuarg.2022.12.004 · Cited by 10
Psychotropic drugs consumption during 2020 COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns: Evidence of a surprising resilience of the drugs delivery system in France
Laurin, A., Bulteau, S., Caillet, P., Artari, P., Sauvaget, A., Gollier-Briant, F., Huon, J., & Bonnot, O. (2023) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.04.004 · Cited by 8
Lived experiences and resilience of hospital pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Flotildes, M. J., Garcia, G., Piol, A. M., Simeon, E. N. J., Miranda, K. J., & Carandang, R. R. (2023) · Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100299 · Cited by 12
“Early COVID-19 research was primarily quantitative in nature, reporting on a slew of surveys andmainly evaluating rates of distress in specific populations.(18) While significant, quantitative studies failed to grasp the complexity and nuances of healthcare workers' experiences, nor their perspectives on what support…”
Mask wearing provides psychological ease but does not affect facial expression intensity estimation
Kawagoe, T., & Teramoto, W. (2023) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.230653 · Cited by 7
Psychological assessment and lived experiences of recovered COVID-19 patients who presented for convalescent plasma donation
Maheshwari, A., Varshney, M., Gupta, K., & Bajpai, M. (2021) · Transfusion Clinique et Biologique · doi:10.1016/j.tracli.2021.04.008 · Cited by 7
Stress levels among an international sample of pregnant and postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic
Wyszynski, D. F., Hernández–Dı́az, S., Gordon-Dseagu, V., Ramiro, N., & Koenen, K. C. (2021) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2021.1936489 · Cited by 8
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic upon patients with burning mouth syndrome
Castillo-Felipe, C., Pia, L.-J., Pons-Fuster, E., & Tvarijonaviciute, A. (2021) · Journal of Stomatology Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jormas.2021.07.001 · Cited by 7
How South Korean Internet users experienced the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: discourse on Instagram
Kim, S., Lim, H.-W., & Chung, S.-Y. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01087-7 · Cited by 9
Editorial: Negative valence systems
Honeycutt, J. A., Young, J. W., Porcu, A., & Sabariego, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2022.1014745 · Cited by 7
“(Vera-Villarroel, 2020), each having profound impacts on mental health (Serafini et al., 2020).”
Background
Mediating effects of insomnia and resilience on COVID-19-related post-traumatic stress disorder and quality of life in adolescents
Yang, X., Meng, X.-X., Zhang, L.-B., Wang, L., Hu, D., Yang, Y., & Zhou, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69093-0 · Cited by 8
The association between family resilience and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: A three-level meta-analysis
Li, R., Wu, D., Zhu, L., Mi, T., Jia, S., & Ren, Z. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053241311572 · Cited by 9
“The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly altered nearly every aspect of human life, leading to numerous lasting physical and psychological issues (Arora et al., 2022; Carney et al., 2022; Serafini et al., 2020).”
High Psychological Impact of Covid‐19 on French Healthcare Workers: An Observational Cohort Study of PTSD, Depression and Burn‐Out
El‐Hage, W., Lemé, A., Blanchin, M., Bui, É., Kerbage, H., Ibouhsissen, S., Allemang‐Trivalle, A., Gissot, V., Gohier, B., Hingray, C., et al. (2025) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.70401 · Cited by 8
“The passage of time has enabled research teams worldwide to examine these effects, highlighting increases in various mental health conditions in the general population, including acute stress disorder, post ‐ traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive symptoms, and anxiety [7, 8].”
Assessment of the Impact of Personality Characteristic on Emotion Resilience
Garg, S., Pandey, R., Rashmi, R., & Gara, A. (2022) · International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS) · doi:10.1109/icaccs54159.2022.9785132 · Cited by 6
“Governments imposed restrictions such as quarantine, isolation and lockdowns to control the disease resulting in increased mental health issues worldwide [3,4,11].”
Background
Psychological, socioeconomic effects of COVID-19 pandemic and associated prevalent self-reported vulnerability factors among residents of Southwest Nigeria
Durowade, K. A., Sanni, T. A., Adeniyi, M. A., Babalola, S. A., Popoola, T., Adebara, I. O., & Ajayi, E. A. (2020) · Nigerian Journal of Medicine · doi:10.4103/njm.njm_164_20 · Cited by 6
The impact of COVID-19 on socio-psychological and cultural conditions of online taxi drivers in achieving a sustainable city
Lizya, S., Ningtyas, F. R., Shellasih, N. M., & Nurhasana, R. (2021) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/716/1/012061 · Cited by 6
“an impact on socio-psychological and cultural aspects of everyday life [14] [15][16][17][18].”
Influential
Increased referrals to an Australian Consultation Liaison Psychiatry service during the COVID-19 pandemic
Lele, K., Cartoon, J., & Griffiths, A. (2021) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856221992937 · Cited by 6
Knowledge, Self-Efficacy, and Preventive Behavior of COVID-19 Outbreak Among Community in Malaysia
Malik, N. A., Mohd, R. H., & Kadir, N. B. A. (2021) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/10105395211012542 · Cited by 7
The Preventive Role of Exercise on the Physiological, Psychological, and Psychophysiological Parameters of Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A Mini Review
Baker, J. S., Cole, A. M., Tao, D., Li, F., Liang, W., Jiao, J., Gao, Y., & Supriya, R. (2021) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm14100476 · Cited by 7
Purchases of Fruit and Vegetables for at Home Consumption During COVID-19 in the UK: Trends and Determinants
Revoredo‐Giha, C., Russo, C., & Twum, E. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.847996 · Cited by 7
Changes in the Mean of and Variance in Psychological Disease Incidences before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Korean Adult Population
Kim, S. Y., Yoo, D. M., Kwon, M.-J., Kim, J. H., Kim, J., Bang, W., & Choi, H. G. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12040576 · Cited by 6
Evaluation of a digital programme for final year nursing students during COVID-19
Chipps, J. A., Martin, P., Jeffrey, H., Margaret, W., Baloyi, O. B., Walters, F., & Jarvis, M. A. (2022) · International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijans.2022.100455 · Cited by 6
Characterizing Brand Knowledge and Identification as Predictors of Consumer-Based Brand Equity: Mediating Role of Employee-Based Brand Equity
He, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.858619 · Cited by 9
“A major reason for using convenience sampling is the post-covid situation where people are maintaining social distancing and avoiding direct physical interaction with other people (Serafini et al., 2020).”
Background
Emotional Contagion Scale and Mental Health Status during the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic, National Assessment
Amer, S. A., Abd‐Ellatif, E. E., Hughes, P. G., Al-Enazi, H. M. G., AlHasan, A., Amer, M. A., Alruhaimi, A. F., & Elsayed, M. (2022) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/17450179-v18-e2208200 · Cited by 7
Health-related quality of life and coping strategies adopted by COVID-19 survivors: A nationwide cross-sectional study in Bangladesh
Hossain, M. A., Shafin, R., Ahmed, M. S., Rana, S., Walton, L. M., Raigangar, V. L., Ara, T., Rasel, M., Hossain, M. S., Kabir, M. F., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277694 · Cited by 9
“All these factors had a substantial negative impact on the Quality of life (QoL) [8-10].”
Background
Designing for the post-pandemic era: Trends, focuses, and strategies learned from architectural competitions based on a text analysis
Han, P., Wang, L., Song, Y., & Zheng, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1084562 · Cited by 7
“Despite the implementation of measures such as social distancing, lockdowns, border closures, and human tracing having effectively controlled the spread of COVID-19 (2), there were concurrently multiple secondary impacts (3, 4), such as psychological effects (5, 6) and changes to physical activities, functions, and qu…”
Background
Managing the unexpected: Bicultural identity integration during the COVID-19 emergency
Shamloo, S. E., Cocco, V. M., Faccini, M., Benet‐Martínez, V., & Trifiletti, E. (2023) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101781 · Cited by 6
Researchers on ice? How the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted Antarctic researchers
Liggett, D., Herbert, A., Badhe, R., Charnley, G. E. C., Hudson, K. P. C., Kelman, I., Lee, W. S., Lorenzo, C., Marques‐Quinteiro, P., Nash, M., et al. (2023) · Antarctic Science · doi:10.1017/s0954102023000020 · Cited by 6
“The COVID-19 pandemic has brought these stressors into everyday life for a global population, in addition to a range of other psychological impacts on mental health (Prati & Mancini 2021, Serafini et al. 2020), as well as broader health challenges (Iqbal et al. 2021).”
Background
Access to HIV prevention, treatment, and care services during COVID-19 by men who have sex with men in Zimbabwe, An interpretive phenomenological analysis study
Moyo, I., Mavhandu‐Mudzusi, A. H., Lipeleke, F., & Sibindi, M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281799 · Cited by 6
Stigmatization, panic disorder, and death anxiety among patients of Covid-19: Fourth wave of pandemic in Pakistan
Afzal, M. I., Jamshaid, S., Wang, L., Lo-Ngoen, N., Olorundare, A., Iqbal, M., Amin, R., Younas, R., & Naz, S. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103924 · Cited by 7
“Anxiety, sorrow, and depression have all been reported as side effects of the epidemic (Serafini et al., 2020).”
Early maladaptive schemas and perceived impact of COVID-19: the moderating role of sex and gambling
Estévez, A., Macía, L., Diego, G. A., & Herrero, M. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05337-y · Cited by 6
“…the spread of COVID-19 on people’s health, in terms of physical, emotional, occupational, social, care, and quality of life (Birmingham et al., 2021; Camil - leri et al., 2022; Flanagan et al., 2021; Ganesan et al., 2021 ; Heinberg & Steffen, 2021; Kolahchi et al., 2021; Serafini et al., 2020).”
Effects of Online Mindful Somatic Psychoeducation Program on Mental Health During the COVID-19
Yook, Y.-S., Lee, J.-H., Park, I., & Cho, H.-Y. (2024) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0304 · Cited by 8
Foreign‐born nurses as COVID ‐19 survivors in the Nordic region: A descriptive phenomenological study
Cubelo, F., Parviainen, A., Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K. M., & Palaganas, E. C. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.13249 · Cited by 6
Assessment of the Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Sexual Function of Women, Levels of Oxytocin and Prolactin: A Prospective Cohort Study
Żak, K., Starek, E., Korga-Plewko, A., Rasoul-Pelińska, K., Abramiuk, M., Michalczuk, M., Rajtak, A., Kotarski, J., Frankowska, K., Bis, L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13082230 · Cited by 6
Physical and mental health outcomes including behavior and attitudes in people having social contacts with COVID-19 patients
Xu, Z., Zhang, D., Xu, D. R., Li, X., Xie, Y. J., Sun, W. J., Lee, E. K. P., Yip, B. H. K., Mo, P. K. H., Xiao, S., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245945 · Cited by 6
“, exercise levels), social support, and self-efficacy, were also measured [12].”
Background
Dinámica familiar en tiempos de pandemia (COVID -19): comunicación entre padres e hijos adolescentes universitarios
Robles, E. D. A., Espinoza, M. D., & Mujica, J. Y. D. (2021) · Revista Venezolana de Gerencia · doi:10.52080/rvgluz.27.95.11 · Cited by 7
“…a provocar problemas de salud mental como frustración por la sensación de dejar de hacer algo, ansiedad y temores (Hsieh et al. 2020; Koushik, 2020; Serafini et al. 2020), así como otros factores psicosociales relacionados con el estrés y depresión (Apaza et al. 2020) además, la pérdida del…”
Background
Non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil
Faro, A., Lisboa, W., Silva-Santos, L. C., & Falcão-Lima, G. O. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1978116 · Cited by 9
“In this time of crisis, these issues tend to trigger the onset of or aggravate stress-related disorders (Ornell et al., 2020; Serafini et al., 2020), suicidal ideation and attempted suicide (Brooks et al., 2020; Reger et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluential
An Observational Study of OCD Patients Treated With Cognitive Behavioral Therapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Zaccari, V., Gragnani, A., Pellegrini, V., Caiazzo, T., D’Arienzo, M. C., Magno, A., Femia, G., & Mancini, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.755744 · Cited by 6
Bouncing back from the pandemic? A psychosocial analysis of older adults in urban areas of Malaysia
Jamaluddin, F., Dawood, S. R. S., Ramli, M. W., & Som, S. H. M. (2022) · Cogent Arts and Humanities · doi:10.1080/23311983.2021.1996045 · Cited by 6
“In Malaysia, fear and anxiety concerning COVID-19 have had a significant impact on the mental health of individuals and society (Serafini et al., 2020; Shanmugam et al., 2020).”
Background
Mental Health Status before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients First Visiting a Psychosomatic Internal Medicine Clinic in Tokyo, Japan
Shaku, F., Ishiburo, M., Miwa, M., & Maruoka, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042488 · Cited by 6
“A worrying consequence of the pandemic has been the increase in mental health problems, including panic symptoms, depression, stress, and anxiety [2].”
Background
Development and Validation of the Social Anomie Brief Scale (SAS-10) Against the New Standards Implemented During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Vilca, L. W., Gonzales, R. D., Pariona-Millán, V., Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., & White, M. (2022) · Electronic Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.29333/ejgm/11911 · Cited by 6
Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Subjective Life Satisfaction of South Korean Adults: Bayesian Nomogram Approach
Byeon, H. (2022) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics12030761 · Cited by 6
“In most countries, many social activities are restricted to non-faceto-face only to prevent the spread of COVID-19, and individuals’ daily activities are also restricted or prohibited when not essential [37].”
Background
La praxis feminista en clave transformadora
Reverter-Bañón, S., & Gimeno, A. M. (2022) · Universitat Jaume I eBooks · doi:10.6035/agorafeminista.2 · Cited by 6
Validation of the Brazilian version of the Short Inventory of Grazing (SIG)
de Moraes, C. E. F., Heriseanu, A. I., Mourilhe, C., Faller, A. L. K., Hay, P., & Appolinário, J. C. (2022) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2022-0492 · Cited by 6
Confinement : construction d’une nouvelle représentation sociale chez les étudiants et les salariés
Melou, F., & Gilbert, M. (2022) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2022.09.002 · Cited by 7
The influence of occasional and frequent work from home on musculoskeletal complaints
Kettschau, J. P., Claaßen, K., dos Anjos, D. R., Wrede, S. J. S., & Broding, H. C. (2023) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-220228 · Cited by 6
“Since the existing pandemic protection measures in Germany still applies during the writing of this publication, an increase in psychologically and socially induced complaints is already being discussed [39].”
Coping as a Mediator and Moderator between Psychological Distress and Disordered Eating Behaviors and Weight Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Machado, B. C., Moreira, C. S., Correia, M., Veiga, E., & Gonçalves, S. F. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032504 · Cited by 6
“Based on previous studies, these data are not surprising, as it has already been discussed how lockdowns may be associated with an increase in mental health problems related to the huge impact on everyday life [9,10].”
Background
Ruminative reminiscence predicts COVID-related stress symptoms while reflective reminiscence and social reminiscence predict post-COVID growth
Akdağ, S., Korkmaz, B., Tiftik, T., & Uzer, T. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04750-7 · Cited by 9
“Different from many other traumatic events, the COVID pandemic is particularly associated with increased social distancing, self-isolation, and self-quarantine (Serafini et al., 2020).”
Factors influencing the willingness of primary care physicians to provide care during the coronavirus disease pandemic: a nationwide survey in Taiwan
Huang, H., Jan, C.-F. J., Chang, B. B.-J., & Chiu, T. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049148 · Cited by 6
Changes in Online Sexual Activities During the Lockdown Caused by COVID-19 in Spain: “INSIDE” Project
Ballester‐Arnal, R., García-Barba, M., Elipe‐Miravet, M., Castro‐Calvo, J., & Gil‐Llario, M. D. (2024) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-024-00987-4 · Cited by 5
“The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the measures used to stop its spread have had a significant impact on our lives (Ballester-Arnal & Gil-Llario, 2020; Cheval et al., 2021; Halder et al., 2020; McPherson et al., 2021; Panchal et al., 2021; Serafini et al., 2020; Xiong et al., 2020).”
Exploring the psychological impact on children and adolescents during the initial period of the COVID-19 pandemic-a systematic review
Thiha, N., Soe, P. P., Win, H. H., Delorme, L., Clevenbergh, P. A., & Babin, F. X. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03165-2 · Cited by 5
“The outbreak has had a notable impact on the mental health of individuals worldwide, causing excessive stress, feelings of hopelessness, and distress [3].”
Pelatihan Manajemen Stres dan Relaksasi Bagi Ibu Rumah Tangga Terdampak Covid 19 di Kelurahan Pasie Nan Tigo Kota Padang
Nurmina, N., Netrawati, N., & Rinaldi, R. (2020) · PLAKAT Jurnal Pelayanan Kepada Masyarakat · doi:10.30872/plakat.v2i2.4972 · Cited by 5
IPSICO survey on the psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare providers in obstetrics: a study design
Piccolo, L. D., Raffaelli, R., Garzon, S., Bosco, M., Casarin, J., Ciccarone, F., Dionisi, V., Ginami, M., Laganà, A. S., Mazzoni, G., et al. (2020) · Italian Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.36129/jog.32.04.07 · Cited by 5
“COVID-19 pandemic, as other past health emergencies (10–12), is having a great impact on the general population (29), with particular concerns regarding specific vulnerable subgroups, such as HCPs (6, 30).”
Background
Predicting High-Risk Groups for COVID-19 Anxiety Using AdaBoost and Nomogram: Findings from Nationwide Survey in South Korea
Byeon, H. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11219865 · Cited by 5
Prediction of psychiatric drugs sale during COVID-19
Lakhal, D. A., Kacem, S. B. H., Tagina, M., & Amara, M. A. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE) · doi:10.1109/bibe52308.2021.9635202 · Cited by 5
“Many psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively [2].”
Background
The ABC's (Autoimmunity, Blood Type, Cytokines) in Types and Severity of Reactions to COVID-19 Vaccines.
CHECK, D. L., Check, J. H., & Kaplan, N. (2021) · Journal of Medical - Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.33425/2639-944x.1207 · Cited by 5
An emergency medicine physician well-being study focusing on gender differences and years of practice during the COVID-19 pandemic
Levine, H., Baranchuk, N. S., Li, T., Garra, G. M., Nagarajan, M. S., & Garg, N. (2022) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2022.02.055 · Cited by 5
“Persons having higher levels of perceived social support, are less likely to develop psychological conditions [49].”
The Danger in Danger – A study on the psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown on people in the Indian context
Tudu, P. N. (2022) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103027 · Cited by 6
“However, the world is giving much attention to preparedness and response to COVID-19, which is the need of the hour; neglecting the psychological impact of COVID-19 [8].”
Influential
Perspectives on COVID-19 Vaccines and Its Hesitancy Among Jordanian Population
Abdullah, M., Shahait, A., Alqassieh, R., Al-Ramahi, M., Bader, G., Aburajab, M. O., Haddad, T. A., Al-Omari, A. Y., Issa, M. S. B., Bader, T., et al. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.26337 · Cited by 5
“increased, especially when people needed to wear masks and wash their hands when in contact with the outside world [2,3].”
Background
Cross-sectional survey following a longitudinal study on mental health and insomnia of people with sporadic COVID-19
Li, X., Guo, T.-Z., Xie, Y., Bao, Y., Si, J.-Y., Li, Z., Xiong, Y.-T., Li, H., Li, S., Lü, L., et al. (2022) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v12.i8.1076 · Cited by 5
Assessment of anxiety and depression, and coping mechanisms during COVID-19 lockdown among pregnant women
Abdus-Salam, R. A., Balogun, R. O., Lawal, T. V., Lawal, O. O., Lawal, R. O., Abdulmalik, J. O., & Morhason-Bello, I. O. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10902 · Cited by 5
“At the onset, the uncertainty around the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and failure to secure treatment caused panic, fear from a hopeless situation, hyperarousal, psychological stress, sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression in people worldwide [9, 10, 11].”
Orientación universitaria tras la pandemia: un modelo competencial de atención al estudiante
Martínez, R. I., & Larza, L. A. (2022) · HUMAN REVIEW International Humanities Review / Revista Internacional de Humanidades · doi:10.37467/revhuman.v11.4056 · Cited by 5
Indoor environment quality and occupant productivity pre-applying COVID-19 measures
Abdelmajeed, S. H., Alayis, M. H., & Amin, A. Z. (2023) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2023.2223398 · Cited by 7
“, 2000; Wheeler & Almeida, 2006), in addition to the gap of the studies investigating the role of IEQ in overcoming COVID−19 challenges in the workplace (Afful et al., 2022; Amerio et al., 2020; Golberstein et al., 2020; Hoisington et al., 2019; Serafini et al., 2020).”
Background
Neuropsychiatric Outcomes and Sleep Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: Risk Factors and Mechanisms
Karkala, A., Tzinas, A., Kotoulas, S., Zacharias, A., Sourla, E., & Pataka, A. (2023) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000533722 · Cited by 5
“Testing positive for COVID-19 and the following self-isolation requirement imposed increased feelings of loneliness and frustration, resulting in increased levels of depression [87].”
BackgroundInfluential
Sexual and Mental Health in Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Outbreak: Exploring the Role of Meaning-Centered Coping
Pérez‐Escobar, J. A., Carreno, D. F., Pérez-Escobar, R., & Eisenbeck, N. (2024) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-024-00963-y · Cited by 6
“This has had a considerable impact on multiple markers of physical and mental health (Cullen et al., 2020 ; Luo et al., 2020 ; Serafini et al., 2020; Sher, 2020 ; Carreno et al., 2021 ; Eisenbeck et al., 2021 , 2022 ).”
Covid-19’un OECD Ülkeleri ve Çin’de Makroekonomik Etkisinin Kümeleme Analizi
Küçükefe, B. (2020) · Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Arastirmalari Dergisi · doi:10.30784/epfad.811289 · Cited by 5
COVID-19 associated social stigma as experienced by frontline nurses of Hail: A qualitative study
Alsaqri, S. (2021) · International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES · doi:10.21833/ijaas.2021.08.007 · Cited by 5
“Researchers discussed that since COVID-19 is a new disease, health institutions were not prepared for its impact in the health care setting which resulted in health workers’ psychological and emotional devastation leading to mental instability (Serafini et al., 2020; Alkhamees et al., 2020; Jimeno, 2020).”
Background
COVID-19 Salgını Sonrasında Yapılı Çevrenin Fiziksel ve Kavramsal Dönüşümü Üzerine Öngörüler
ENSARİOĞLU, S. A. (2021) · İDEALKENT · doi:10.31198/idealkent.871661 · Cited by 5
Gambaran Psikologis Remaja SMA Selama Sekolah dari Rumah Akibat Pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia
Andini, M., & Pudjiati, S. R. R. (2021) · Psikostudia Jurnal Psikologi · doi:10.30872/psikostudia.v10i3.5267 · Cited by 5
‘Sorry everything’s in bags’: The accountability of selling bread at a market during the COVID-19 pandemic
Weatherall, A., Tennent, E., & Grattan, F. (2022) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/09579265211048732 · Cited by 5
“High levels of stress, anxiety and depression are being documented around the world (Serafini et al., 2020).”
Background
Mental Impact of COVID-19 – Fear, Stress, Anxiety, Depression and Sequels
Parchani, A., Panda, P. K., & Krishnan, V. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.102754 · Cited by 5
Exploring the Longitudinal Relationship Between Lockdown Policy Stringency and Public Negative Emotions Among 120 Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Mediating Role of Population Mobility
Gong, W., Ju, G., Zhu, M., Wang, S., Guo, W., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.753703 · Cited by 5
“Studies reveal that the level of distress or anxiety in population can significantly grow during a pandemic (10).”
Background
A systematic review of the international evolution of online mental health strategies and recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic
Almeda, N., Díaz-Milanés, D., Gutiérrez-Colosía, M. R., & GARCÍA-ALONSO, C. R. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04257-8 · Cited by 5
I love you too much to keep social distance: Closeness in relationships and (dis)engagement in preventive behaviors during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Shamloo, S. E., Cocco, V. M., Visintin, E. P., Trifiletti, E., & Vezzali, L. (2022) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12926 · Cited by 5
“The new corona virus has caused several severe physical health issues, deaths as well as extreme indirect effects on individuals such as depression, anxiety, or loneliness due to the strict measures implemented by governments to reduce the spread of the virus (Serafini et al., 2020).”
Background
Perceived Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disability: A Qualitative Study
Randall, K. N., & McKown, G. L. (2022) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/17446295221146352 · Cited by 5
“…and offer mental healthcare opportunities for people with intellectual and developmental disability (Cullen et al., 2020; Dodd et al., 2017; Sera ﬁ ni et al., 2020) to discuss mental health concerns (such as anxiety, fear, depression, anger) which have resulted from the current pandemic…”
Background
The Impact of COVID-19 on the Academic Life of Social Work Students: Resilience as a Mediating Variable
Carbonell, Á., Pérez, J. J. N., Fernández, I., & Botija, M. (2023) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2023.2171330 · Cited by 7
Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a virtual reality intervention targeting distress and anxiety in primary brain tumor patients at the time of clinical evaluation: Study protocol for a phase 2 clinical trial
King, A. L., Acquaye, A., Vera, E. M., Mendoza, T. R., Reyes, J., Stockdill, M., Gilbert, M. R., & Armstrong, T. S. (2023) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-023-10671-2 · Cited by 5
Between Boredom and Frustration: Predictor of Compulsive Internet Use
Utami, R. H., Magistarina, E., Pratama, M., & Khasanah, A. N. (2021) · Jurnal Neo Konseling · doi:10.24036/00617kons2021 · Cited by 5
“Several conditions such as disabling loneliness, specific and uncontrolled fear, pervasive anxiety, and frustration and boredom contribute to declined subjective well-being and have a more significant impact at a young age (Serafini et al., 2020).”
Background
The Effect of COVID-19 Diagnosis on the Physical, Social, and Psychological Well-Being of People in the United Arab Emirates: An Explorative Qualitative Study
AlKuwaiti, M., Hamada, B. A., Aljneibi, N., Paulo, M. S., & Elbarazi, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.866078 · Cited by 5
“(30) reviewed the literature and found that resilience, loneliness, anxiety, loss of freedom, and well-being were the main psychological effects of COVID-19 on communities (30).”
Background
Relationship between fear of COVID-19 and premenstrual syndrome in Turkish university students
Kaplan, S., Gürler, M., & Gönenç, İ. M. (2022) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2022.2103611 · Cited by 5
“Fear is related to the COVID-19 pandemic (Broche-Pérez et al. 2022; Serafini et al. 2020).”
Background
COVID‐19: What if immunity wanes?
Çenesiz, M. A., & Guimarães, L. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/caje.12542 · Cited by 7
“Second, there are also other significant costs of constrained social activity such as anxiety, distress, fatigue, and domestic violence (Ravindran and Shah, 2020; Serafini et al., 2020).”
Background
Psychometric properties of the online version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 in a large Colombian sample: Results from the PSY-COVID studyPreprint
Sanabria‐Mazo, J. P., Gómez-Acosta, A., Muñoz, J. A. C., Rojas, Y. F., Feliu‐Soler, A., Luciano, J. V., & Sanz, A. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/r5tdh · Cited by 5
Hidden work, frustration and multiple layers of occupational health in emergency situations: a longitudinal study during the COVID-19 pandemic
Černe, M., & Aleksić, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1042397 · Cited by 6
“In line with this model, we treat hidden work as a source of frustration, which stems from a superior source of frustration arising from environmental uncertainty and change (Serafini et al., 2020), where both act as enablers or inhibiters in achieving individual and organizational goals.”
BackgroundMethod
Psycho-emotional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nursing professionals in Ecuador: a cross-sectional study
Auz, A. J. V., Villarreal, S. D. R., González, J. L. A., Orellana, C. F. V., Andrade, R. E. C., Zabala, G. N. D. J. A., Vicens‐Blanes, F., & Molina‐Mula, J. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02119-0 · Cited by 9
“Previous studies in several countries, including France, Italy, and Spain, have highlighted the vulnerability of frontline health workers to the emotional impact of both the pandemic and its consequences [9].”
Result
The effect of emotion regulation training on anxiety in college students in Egypt (Randomized control trial)
ElBarazi, A. S. (2025) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.1177/22799036251347030 · Cited by 12
Clinical and Symptom Profiles of Long-COVID Patients in Italy: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Cianciulli, A., Santoro, E., Manente, R., Pacifico, A., Barberio, I., Satriani, V., & Boccia, G. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13212706 · Cited by 4
“Fatigue, weakness, and musculoskeletal pain were most common, consistent with international findings [2,3,7–9 , 12– 14].”
Is Quarantine an Adequate Solution for High Fragile Countries? Forced Quarantine in War-Torn Syria from the Psychological Perspective
Kakaje, A., Mansour, S., & Ghareeb, A. (2020) · Qatar medical journal · doi:10.5339/qmj.2021.17 · Cited by 5
Relationship between perceptions of risk of contracting COVID-19 and resilience: a cross-sectional community survey of social service providers in Canada
Benzies, K., Perry, R. L., & Williams, J. C. (2021) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2021.1975013 · Cited by 4
“Effects include fears related to exposure to the virus, financial losses, frustration, loneliness, and social isolation (Khan, Mamun, Griffiths, & Ullah, 2020; Serafini et al., 2020; Vigo et al., 2020).”
Background
Exposure to Contagion: Perceived Risks and Travel Behavioural Shifts in Malaysia during COVID-19 Pandemic
Yusuf, M. M., & Azhar, N. L. A. (2021) · Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology · doi:10.33102/mjosht.v7i2.213 · Cited by 4
“It’s All COVID’s Fault!”: Symptoms of Distress among Workers in an Italian General Hospital during the Pandemic
Mastroberardino, M., Costantini, R. C., Novellis, A. M. P. D., Ferrari, S., Filippini, C., Longo, F., Marchi, M., Rioli, G., Valeo, L., Vicini, R., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19127313 · Cited by 6
“The COVID-19 pandemic has also conveyed a large psycho-social backlash [9,10], particularly impacting the most vulnerable fringes of society, such as the elders, children, teenagers, and people with pre-existing physical or psychological diseases [11,12].”
Background
Brief Adjustment Scale–6 for Measurement-Based Care: Psychometric Properties, Measurement Invariance, and Clinical Utility
Ko, H., Shin, J. H., & Cooper, L. D. (2022) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221115144 · Cited by 4
“…pandemic, there is a possibility that the pandemic affected and increased overall mental health distress in these populations, in line with the growing research of pandemic’s negative influence on mental health (Horigian et al., 2021; Islam et al., 2021; Pierce et al., 2020; Serafini et al., 2020).”
Result
The Impact of COVID-19 on the Emotion of People Living with and without HIV
Lusher, J. M., Zúñiga, R. A. A., Virtanen, J. I., Ellakany, P., Yousaf, M. A., Osamika, B. E., Gaffar, B. O., Lawal, F. B., Khalid, Z., Aly, N. M., et al. (2023) · Hygiene · doi:10.3390/hygiene3010005 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, these factors have compounded feelings of frustration [4,5], boredom [6], loneliness [7–10], anger [11], grief [12], loss [13], anxiety, and depression [14,15] for individuals on a worldwide scale, and, in particular, for those living with chronic conditions [16].”
Background
The Relationships between Emotion, Sense of Coherence, Social Rhythm and Positive Mental Health in Chinese University Students during COVID-19
Zhang, W., Ding, L., Jin, Y., & Song, W. (2023) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2023.142017 · Cited by 4
Caregiver Perceived Stress as a Link Between Family COVID-19 Experiences and Early Adolescent Mental Health Symptomology
Berryhill, M. B., Horton, A. G., Masters, S. L., Mack, D. R., Cross, A. N., Parker, J. G., Barth, J. M., & McDonald, K. L. (2023) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316231178687 · Cited by 4
THE IMPACT OF QUARANTINE AND SOCIAL ISOLATION ON THE MENTAL STATE OF THE POPULATION
Іваніцька, Т. І. (2023) · Bukovinian Medical Herald · doi:10.24061/2413-0737.27.1.105.2023.12 · Cited by 4
“Проте дослідження, пов’язані з подоланням стресу, показують, що дві функції подолання часто співіснують [21].”
Psychosocial and Economic Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Veteran Men and Women
Fox, A. B., Baier, A. L., Alpert, E., Nillni, Y. I., & Galovski, T. E. (2023) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2023.0078 · Cited by 4
Health professionals who have worked in COVID-19 immunization centers suffer the effects of violence
Brunelli, L., Scarpis, E., Presti, T. L., Fiorillo, F., Campanella, F., Zuliani, P., Farneti, F., Croci, E., Pellizzari, B., Cocconi, R., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1264301 · Cited by 4
“The impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of the general population is widely recognized (12), and has been called the perfect storm for mental health by some colleagues (13).”
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adult mental health-related admissions at a large university health system in North Carolina – one year into the pandemic
Der, T., Helmke, N., Stout, J. E., & Turner, N. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293831 · Cited by 4
Severe Loneliness and Isolation in Nursing Students during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Phenomenological Study
Zhu, P., Wang, W. C., Qian, M., Shi, G., Zhang, Q., Xu, T., Xu, H., Zhang, H., Gu, X., Ding, Y., et al. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12010019 · Cited by 6
“Our findings support existing studies linking a steep reduction in social contact with increased experiences of loneliness and potential psychological distress [10,27].”
Result
Institutional and organisational influence on mental health management in Spanish and Italian primary care
Giosa, R. (2024) · International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.1108/ijssp-03-2023-0081 · Cited by 5

Authors: Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M.
Affiliations: Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (IT)
James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Serafini, G
ORCID: Serafini, G
Amerio, A
Aguglia, A
Sher, L
Amore, M
Venue: QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2020-06-30
Volume: 113
Issue: 8
Pages: 531-537
ISSN: 0033-5622 (ISSN-L)
1460-2725
1460-2393
DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201
PMC: PMC7337855
OpenAlex: W3036526826
Cited by: 1,187
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 208 · 2022: 312 · 2021: 390 · 2020: 77
FWCI: 98.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
Locations: QJM (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion)
Funders: DINOGMI Department of Excellence of MIUR (2018-2022, 232/2016)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, stress, uncertainty, quarantine, risk factors, protective factors, mental illness, general population

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks