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The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population
Open accessAbstract
As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide. Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively. This work aimed to comprehensively review the current literature about the impact of COVID-19 infection on the mental health in the general population. The psychological impact of quarantine related to COVID-19 infection has been additionally documented together with the most relevant psychological reactions in the general population related to COVID-19 outbreak. The role of risk and protective factors against the potential to develop psychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals has been addressed as well. The main implications of the present findings have been discussed.
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“Factors such as a previous psychiatric diagnosis, isolation, financial distress, hopelessness, loneliness and uncertainty due to COVID-19 outbreaks can also increase the risk of psychiatric conditions and suicide.(Killgore et al., 2020a; Serafini et al., 2020; Xin et al., 2020; Serafini et al., 2012)”
From Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: a global cross-sectional survey (2021) · cites this paper as Serafini et al., 2020
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“In contrast, resilience and perception of social support can be protective against psychiatric disorders.(Serafini et al., 2020)”
From Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: a global cross-sectional survey (2021) · cites this paper as Serafini et al., 2020
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“This has led to a steep reduction in social contact which is likely to have increased experiences of loneliness and may have increased psychological distress (Barari et al., 2020; Serafini et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Ellis et al., 2020).”
From Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Serafini et al., 2020
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“Aside from several review articles (e.g. Brooks et al., 2020; Serafini et al., 2020), this limited research examining the impact of quarantine on society during the COVID-19 pandemic (Lu et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialLong, D., Haagsma, J. A., Janssen, M. F., Yfantopoulos, J., Lubetkin, E. I., & Bonsel, G. J. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100913 · Cited by 67
Plouffe, R. A., Nazarov, A., Forchuk, C. A., Gargala, D., Deda, E., Le, T., Bourret-Gheysen, J., Jackson, B., Soares, V., Hosseiny, F., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1984667 · Cited by 72
Zhu, S., Zhuang, Y., & Ip, P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094780 · Cited by 63
“Many studies have highlighted the negative impact on physical and mental health [2–5], such as more screen time and sedentary behavior [6,7], more emotional distress, feeling anxiety, fear, frustrations, and loneliness [8].”
BackgroundSpain, D., Mason, D., Simone, J., Stoppelbein, L., White, S. W., & Happe, F. G. E. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101747 · Cited by 70
Ismail, L. C., Mohamad, M. N., Bataineh, M. F., Ajab, A., Marzouqi, A. M. A., Jarrar, A. H., Jamous, D. O. A., Ali, H. I., Sabbah, H. A., Hasan, H. A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.633230 · Cited by 66
“Literature shows that multiple stressors including movement restriction, separation from family and friends, uncertain future, fear of infection, distress, loneliness, boredom, and financial loss are all factors that may exacerbate negative psychological impact and play a role in aggravating poor mental health (12, 13…”
BackgroundFalcinelli, M., Thaker, P. H., Lutgendorf, S. K., Conzen, S. D., Flaherty, R. L., & Flint, M. S. (2021) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0684 · Cited by 69
“Increased levels of stress and anxiety have been reported globally due to social isolation, lockdowns, and job losses (1, 2).”
BackgroundBonsaksen, T., Heir, T., Schou‐Bredal, I., Ekeberg, Ø., Skogstad, L., & Grimholt, T. K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249210 · Cited by 62
“concerns about the public mental health [5-9].”
Understanding the cross-talk between mediators of infertility and COVID-19
Rajak, P., Roy, S., Dutta, M., Podder, S., Sarkar, S., Ganguly, A., Mandi, M., & Khatun, S. (2021) · Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100559 · Cited by 60
“The unprecedented situation caused by the COVID-19 outbreak has fueled depression, anxiety, hysteria, mood swings, irritability, insomnia, anger, and emotional exhaustion [119,120].”
The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Front Line Nurses: A Synthesis of Qualitative Evidence
González, S. H., Selva-Medrano, D., López‐Espuela, F., Caro‐Alonso, P. A., Novo, A., & Rodríguez‐Martin, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182412975 · Cited by 60
“It is known that the COVID-19 pandemic increases the level of anxiety and fear, stress, depression, frustration, and uncertainty among the general population [41,42].”
BackgroundBinDhim, N. F., Althumiri, N. A., Basyouni, M. H., Alageel, A. A. S., Alghnam, S. A., Alqunaibet, A., Almubark, R. A., AlDhukair, S., & Ad-Dab’bagh, Y. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1875642 · Cited by 62
“Psychological distress may have been caused by the restriction of individual movement and social interaction, economic impacts and job loss, fear of getting COVID-19 oneself and/or giving it to loved ones, infection or death of a close individual or loved one due to COVID-19, media and news circulation of stressful in…”
BackgroundTip of the iceberg: erectile dysfunction and COVID-19
Kaynar, M., Quinta-Gomes, A. L., Sokolakis, I., & Gül, M. (2022) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/s41443-022-00540-0 · Cited by 60
“However, the dramatic effects of social isolation and distancing measures have been extensively recognized in several areas of individuals’ health and well-being [51, 52].”
BackgroundOswald, T. K., Rumbold, A. R., Kedzior, S. G. E., Kohler, M. J., & Moore, V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115630 · Cited by 61
Long-term impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on travel behaviour
Aaditya, B., & Rahul, T. M. (2022) · Travel Behaviour and Society · doi:10.1016/j.tbs.2022.10.005 · Cited by 64
Food Security during the Pandemic and the Importance of the Bioeconomy in the New Era
Fărcaș, A. C., Galanakis, C. M., Socaciu, C., Pop, O. L., Ţibulcă, D., Păucean, A., JIMBOREAN, M. A., Fogarasi, M., Salanță, L. C., Tofană, M., et al. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13010150 · Cited by 61
“) and restricted access to some commodities during the quarantine period [53].”
BackgroundProcaccia, R., Segre, G., Tamanza, G., & Manzoni, G. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624176 · Cited by 57
Mental Health during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic—Polish Studies
Chodkiewicz, J., Miniszewska, J., Krajewska, E., & Biliński, P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073423 · Cited by 63
Social and moral psychology of COVID-19 across 69 countries
Azevedo, F., Pavlovic, T. M., do Rêgo, G. G., Ay, F. C., Gjoneska, B., Etienne, T. W., Ross, R. M., Schönegger, P., Riaño-Moreno, J. C., Cichocka, A. K., et al. (2023) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02080-8 · Cited by 84
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Valencia, P. D., Vilca, L. W., Cervigni, M., Gallegos, M., Martino, P., Barés, I., Calandra, M., Anacona, C. A. R., López-Calle, C., et al. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1879318 · Cited by 57
Role of the social worker in the outbreak of pandemics (A case of COVID-19)
Okafor, A. E. (2021) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2021.1939537 · Cited by 57
“…to be clearly recognized as a public health priority for both social workers, authorities and policy makers and clear behavioral strategies to reduce the burden of disease and the dramatic mental health consequences of this outbreak is to be rapidly adopted and implemented (Serafini et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSocial Media, Social Support, and Mental Health of Young Adults During COVID-19
Longest, K., & Kang, J.-A. (2022) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2022.828135 · Cited by 57
“Meanwhile, several studies pay attention to the relationship between home confinement and higher rates of depression in young adults (Qi et al., 2020; Serafini et al., 2020), meaning that forced isolation relates to their mental wellbeing.”
BackgroundMoya, A., Serneels, P. M., Desrosiers, A., Reyes, V., Torres, M. J., & Lieberman, A. F. (2020) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00217-5 · Cited by 57
The pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced IgA nephropathy and IgA vasculitis: A systematic review
Farooq, H., Rehman, M. A. U., Asmar, A., Asif, S., Mushtaq, A., & Qureshi, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.08.012 · Cited by 56
Martin, F., Bachert, K. E., Snow, L., Tu, H.-W., Belahbib, J., & Lyn, S. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260676 · Cited by 58
The 2019 global pandemic and plastic pollution prevention measures: Playing catch-up
da Costa, J. P. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145806 · Cited by 54
“, 2020), to governance (Janssen and van der Voort, 2020) mental health (Serafini et al., 2020) and even territorial integrity and cohesion (OECD, 2020).”
Barcın-Güzeldere, H. K., & Devrim-Lanpir, A. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021002974 · Cited by 63
Nikolaidis, A., DeRosa, J., Kass, M., Droney, I., Alexander, L. M., Martino, A. D., Bromet, E. J., Merikangas, K. R., Milham, M. P., & Paksarian, D. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.058 · Cited by 53
“…work also highlighted the importance of the widespread changes in daily life and accompanying stressors induced by the pandemic for mental health (Breslau et al., 2021; Fancourt et al., 2021; Kelly, 2020; Nikolaidis et al., 2020; Pan et al., 2021; Robinson and Daly, 2020; Serafini et al., 2020).”
Suicide and COVID-19: a rapid scoping review
Barlattani, T., D’Amelio, C., Capelli, F., Mantenuto, S., Rossi, R., Socci, V., Stratta, P., Stefano, R. D., Rossi, A., & Pacitti, F. (2023) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-023-00441-6 · Cited by 65
Tortella, G., Seabra, A. B., Padrão, J., & Juan, R. D.-S. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11050552 · Cited by 66
Black women and COVID-19: The need for targeted mental health research and practice
Walton, Q. L., Campbell, R. D., & Blakey, J. M. (2021) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/1473325020973349 · Cited by 52
“There are high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, generalized fear, pervasive feelings of hopelessness and desperation, and suicidal behavior associated with mass quarantine, isolation, and ongoing uncertainty regarding the future (Serafini et al., 2020; Xiang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundEfstathiou, V., Stefanou, M., Siafakas, N., Makris, M. P., Tsivgoulis, G. K., Zoumpourlis, V., Spandidos, D. A., Smyrnis, N., & Rizos, E. (2021) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2021.11030 · Cited by 55
“Thus, there is a growing concern currently regarding the mental health sequelae of the COVID‐19 pandemic (23,27,28).”
BackgroundVarma, P., Burge, M. T., Meaklim, H., Junge, M. F., & Jackson, M. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18116030 · Cited by 55
Dietary Habits and Lifestyle During Coronavirus Pandemic Lockdown: Experience From Lebanon
Ismail, L. C., Hashim, M. S., Mohamad, M. N., Hassan, H. F., Ajab, A., Stojanovska, L., Jarrar, A. H., Hasan, H. A., Jamous, D. O. A., Saleh, S. T., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.730425 · Cited by 52
Matos, M., McEwan, K., Kanovský, M., Halamová, J., Steindl, S. R., Ferreira, N. B., Linharelhos, M., Rijo, D., Asano, K., Gregório, S., et al. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2601 · Cited by 59
“Although government regulations are necessary to address the main challenges posed by the current pandemic, there is a lack of consideration towards the impact such measures have on mental health and psychosocial well-being (Serafini et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialGroup VR experiences can produce ego attenuation and connectedness comparable to psychedelics
Glowacki, D. R., Williams, R. R., Wonnacott, M., Maynard, O., Freire, R., Pike, J. E., & Chatziapostolou, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12637-z · Cited by 64
Sethi, S., Kumar, A., Mandal, A., Shaikh, M. A. K., Hall, C. A., Kirk, J. M. W., Moss, P. A. H., Brookes, M., & Basu, S. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-048856 · Cited by 50
KASAPOĞLU, F. (2022) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01472-7 · Cited by 58
“, 2020), additionally, it has causing feelings of hopelessness (Hacimusalar et al., 2020; Serafini et al., 2020; Lee, 2020; Trnka & Lorencoca, 2020).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M.
- Affiliations
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (IT)
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Serafini, G
- Venue
- QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-06-30
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 531-537
- ISSN
- 0033-5622 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2725
- 1460-2393
- PMC
- PMC7337855
- OpenAlex
- W3036526826
- Cited by
- 1,187
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 208 · 2022: 312 · 2021: 390 · 2020: 77
- FWCI
- 98.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- QJM (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- DINOGMI Department of Excellence of MIUR (2018-2022, 232/2016)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, stress, uncertainty, quarantine, risk factors, protective factors, mental illness, general population
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