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The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population
Open accessAbstract
As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide. Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively. This work aimed to comprehensively review the current literature about the impact of COVID-19 infection on the mental health in the general population. The psychological impact of quarantine related to COVID-19 infection has been additionally documented together with the most relevant psychological reactions in the general population related to COVID-19 outbreak. The role of risk and protective factors against the potential to develop psychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals has been addressed as well. The main implications of the present findings have been discussed.
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“Factors such as a previous psychiatric diagnosis, isolation, financial distress, hopelessness, loneliness and uncertainty due to COVID-19 outbreaks can also increase the risk of psychiatric conditions and suicide.(Killgore et al., 2020a; Serafini et al., 2020; Xin et al., 2020; Serafini et al., 2012)”
From Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: a global cross-sectional survey (2021) · cites this paper as Serafini et al., 2020
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“In contrast, resilience and perception of social support can be protective against psychiatric disorders.(Serafini et al., 2020)”
From Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: a global cross-sectional survey (2021) · cites this paper as Serafini et al., 2020
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“This has led to a steep reduction in social contact which is likely to have increased experiences of loneliness and may have increased psychological distress (Barari et al., 2020; Serafini et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Ellis et al., 2020).”
From Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Serafini et al., 2020
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“The psychological impact of the illness as seen in the medical students may also be a product of factors affecting the general population stemming from a specific and uncontrolled fears related to infection, pervasive anxiety, frustration and boredom and disabling loneliness from social isolation ([23]).”
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The Effects of Workgroup Negative Functions on Work Well-being during the COVID-19 Outbreak
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The COVID-19 Pandemic and Mental Health
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A literature review on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic towards patients living with chronic diseases
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Mental Health of Postpartum Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil
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“…and quarantine and social distancing measures, are associated with severe psychological effects, such as increased levels of stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms, fear, feelings of loneliness, confusion, and sleep disorders (Barros et al., 2020; Brooks et al., 2020; Serafini et al., 2020).”
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Resilience in the face of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Portuguese Adult Athletes
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“Social support and coping strategies have been previously identified as facilitators of the resilience process in the sports context, considering COVID-19 and past epidemics (e.g., Aguinaga et al., 2021; Bonanno et al., 2011; Bryan et al., 2019; Serafini et al., 2020).”
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“Other factors that have been discussed previously like efficacy of general physicians’ consulta-tion, anxiety or fear of personal information exposure and low willingness to communicate can also be categorised as motivation factors (Lee et al., 2014; Serafini et al., 2020).”
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Machado, G. M., Perkins, E. R., Gerodo, T. P., de Miranda, J. V. M., Sica, C., Patrick, C. J., & Carvalho, L. D. F. (2023) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-023-09858-z · Cited by 2
Gender difference in impact of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic on sexual function
Jung, H.-D., Yoo, T. K., Kang, J. J., Lee, J. H., & Choi, J. H. (2023) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.22514/jomh.2023.104 · Cited by 2
“Social disconnection and concerns about an uncertain future may have a negative effect on mental health [4].”
BackgroundAbdollahpour, S., Akbari, A., & Khadivzadeh, T. (2023) · Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.34172/jcs.2023.31929 · Cited by 2
“18,19 The fourth theme of this study was the psychological concerns created for these mothers such as fear, worry, stress, sadness and grief.”
BackgroundMethodFaggiano, M., Donato, S., Parise, M., Pagani, A. F., Ferrari, L., Ranieri, S., Canzi, E., Danioni, F., Barni, D., Lanz, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2763 · Cited by 2
Uzaktan Eğitim ile İlgili Yapılmış Çalışmaların Bibliyometrik Analizi
Karagözoğlu, A. A., Abdurrezzak, S., & DOĞAN, Ü. (2024) · Anadolu Journal Of Educational Sciences International · doi:10.18039/ajesi.1281711 · Cited by 4
Angelova, N. V., & Mavrodiev, S. L. (2024) · Psychological Thought · doi:10.37708/psyct.v17i1.956 · Cited by 2
Gangenahalli, G., Chander, V., Verma, Y. K., & Singh, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2851-0_10 · Cited by 3
Treatment of COVID-19 Patients in Italy: A Physician’s Experience and Insights
Gilad, V., & Masoero, G. (2020) · Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal · doi:10.5041/rmmj.10419 · Cited by 2
Nandy, S. C. M. (2021) · Psychology and Education Journal · doi:10.17762/pae.v58i2.1888 · Cited by 2
Papakonstantinou, E., Pierouli, K., Mitsis, Τ., Diakou, K. I., Palaiogeorgou, A. M., Bacopoulou, F., Chrousos, G. P., Eliopoulos, E., & Vlachakis, D. (2021) · International Journal of Epigenetics · doi:10.3892/ije.2021.8 · Cited by 2
“The most commonly implemented measures, which are national‐level lockdowns and implementation of social‐distancing rules, have been sources of anxiety, anger, confusion, and grief, and have led to the emergence of symp‐ toms of depression (33,34).”
BackgroundAssessment of the anxiety levels of orthodontic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic
Yıldırım, E., Adıgüzel, A., & Karaçay, Ş. (2021) · International Dental Research · doi:10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.12 · Cited by 2
Mandič, S., & Hlebec, V. (2021) · Teorija in praksa · doi:10.51936/tip.58.specialissue.555-575 · Cited by 2
Park, C. H. K., Ahmed, O., Lee, S., Suh, S. A., Chung, S., & Gouin, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.807312 · Cited by 2
“Various aspects of an infectious disease outbreak, such as disruptions in routine and lifestyle (2), stigmatization (3), quarantine (4), and fear of abandonment (2), may contribute to the impairment of psychological well-being.”
BackgroundDémuthová, S., & Démuth, A. (2021) · European journal of behavioral sciences · doi:10.33422/ejbs.v4i3.596 · Cited by 2
Amid Armed Conflict: Perceptions and the Psychological Impact of Covid-19 in Western LibyaPreprint
Tresh, M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fuhs9 · Cited by 2
Odor cueing during sleep improves consolidation of a history lesson in a school settingPreprint
Vidal, V., Barbuzza, A. R., Tassone, L. M., Brusco, L. I., Ballarini, F., & Forcato, C. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1443226/v1 · Cited by 2
Reliability and Validity of the Mental Health Quotient (MHQ)Preprint
Newson, J. J., Pastukh, V., & Thiagarajan, T. C. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/n7e9p · Cited by 2
Wu, W., Liu, H., Liu, S., Fang, J., Lau, M. C. K., & Cheng, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1356562 · Cited by 2
Seminario-Huallpa, S. R., Luna-Muñoz, C., & Cruz-Vargas, J. A. D. L. (2021) · Boletín de la Sociedad Peruana de Medicina Interna/Revista de la Sociedad Peruana de Medicina Interna · doi:10.36393/spmi.v34i4.630 · Cited by 2
Depression and anxiety among quarantined population during the COVID-19 outbreak in central Ethiopia
Abraha, M., Ayano, G., Demissie, D. B., Getachew, A., Bekele, M., Getnet, M., Seyum, M., Defar, A., Demelash, S., Akalu, G. T., et al. (2022) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000115 · Cited by 1
“is better to recognize its psychological impact as well as the rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic as a public health priority for both authorities and policymakers who should rapidly adopt clear behavioral strategies to reduce the burden of disease and the dramatic mental health consequences of this quarantine rela…”
BackgroundCOVID-19 and parents of children with epilepsy: Experiences and positive changes
Koliouli, F., & Andrianakou, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1079518 · Cited by 1
“Recent studies examined the consequences of the COVID-19(1) pandemic and the lifestyle modifications imposed by it had on general population (1, 2) and on patients with chronic illness and their families.”
BackgroundAdaptation and validation of the Arabic version of the COVID-19 anxiety scale
Alshomrani, A. T., El‐Ashkar, A. M., Aboregela, A. M., Alshahrani, A. N., & Alhalafi, A. H. (2023) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20230902 · Cited by 1
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among University Students Due To COVID-19
Acharya, P., & Pokhrel, S. (2023) · Pragya Darshan प्रज्ञा दर्शन · doi:10.3126/pdmdj.v5i2.59600 · Cited by 1
“Various psychological problems in mental health, including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, and uncertainty during the COVID-19 outbreak, emerged progressively (Serafini et al., 2020).”
BackgroundHow Digital Health Gives Clues for a Better Health Literacy Patient Experience
de Almeida, C. V. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83753-598-920231001 · Cited by 1
Larson, J. H., Ho, K. C., Lai, H., Shaholli, V., Smetona, J. T., Vicari, F., & Naran, S. (2024) · JPRAS Open · doi:10.1016/j.jpra.2024.05.012 · Cited by 1
“13 In contrast, the present study discovered increases in social-emotional well-being, satisfaction with facial appearance, and social functioning, for CL/P individuals in the context of public mask-wearing following the COVID-19 pandemic onset.”
ResultThe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic for children in custody: An analysis of inspection reports
Lennox, C., Duncan-Zaleski, M., Nasim, S., Shirley, O., Ross, K., Chitsabesan, P., Robinson, L., Shaw, J. J., & Leonard, S. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0304862 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M.
- Affiliations
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (IT)
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Serafini, G
- Venue
- QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-06-30
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 531-537
- ISSN
- 0033-5622 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2725
- 1460-2393
- PMC
- PMC7337855
- OpenAlex
- W3036526826
- Cited by
- 1,187
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 208 · 2022: 312 · 2021: 390 · 2020: 77
- FWCI
- 98.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- QJM (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- DINOGMI Department of Excellence of MIUR (2018-2022, 232/2016)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, stress, uncertainty, quarantine, risk factors, protective factors, mental illness, general population
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