Reading in Schizophrenic Subjects and Their Nonsymptomatic First-Degree Relatives
Open accessAbstract
Previous studies have demonstrated eye movement abnormalities during smooth pursuit and antisaccadic tasks in schizophrenia. However, eye movements have not been investigated during reading. The purpose of this study was to determine whether schizophrenic subjects and their nonsymptomatic first-degree relatives show eye movement abnormalities during reading. Reading rate, number of saccades per line, amplitudes of saccades, percentage regressions (reverse saccades), and fixation durations were measured using an eye tracker (EyeLink, SensoMotoric Instruments, Germany) in 38 schizophrenic volunteers, 14 nonaffected first-degree relatives, and 57 control volunteers matched for age and National Adult Reading Test scores. Parameters were examined when volunteers read full pages of text and text was limited to progressively smaller viewing areas around the point of fixation using a gaze-contingent window. Schizophrenic volunteers showed significantly slower reading rates (P = .004), increase in total number of saccades (P ≤ .001), and a decrease in saccadic amplitude (P = .025) while reading. Relatives showed a significant increase in total number of saccades (P = .013) and decrease in saccadic amplitude (P = .020). Limitation of parafoveal information by reducing the amount of visible characters did not change the reading rate of schizophrenics but controls showed a significant decrease in reading rate with reduced parafoveal information (P < .001). Eye movement abnormalities during reading of schizophrenic volunteers and their first-degree relatives suggest that visual integration of foveal and parafoveal information may be reduced in schizophrenia. Reading abnormalities in relatives suggest a genetic influence in reading ability in schizophrenia and rule out confounding effects of medication.
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These passage reading deficits correlate with both behavioral and fMRI-based assessment of visual magnocellular function.
“that correlate with both behavioral (106, 107) and fMRI-based (108) assessment of visual magnocellular function.”
From Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as [106]
Visual reading deficits extend to unaffected family members.
“as well as to unaffected family members (106).”
From Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as [106]
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How many words do we read per minute? A review and meta-analysis of reading rate
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Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia
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- Authors
- Roberts, E. O., Proudlock, F. A., Martin, K., Reveley, M. A., Al-Uzri, M., & Gottlob, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Coventry University (GB)
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-01-20
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 896-907
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC3686437
- OpenAlex
- W2125357776
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, reading
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Family, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reading, Saccades, Schizophrenia, Visual Fields, Case-Control Studies, Eye Movement Measurements
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