The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Whole-Body and Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Response to 14 Days of Highly Controlled Low Energy Availability in Endurance-Trained Females
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of 14 days low energy availability (LEA) versus optimal energy availability (OEA) in endurance‐trained females on substrate utilization, insulin sensitivity, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity; and the impact of metabolic changes on exercise performance. Twelve endurance‐trained females (V̇O 2max 55.2 ± 5.1 mL × min −1 × kg −1 ) completed two 14‐day randomized, blinded, cross‐over, controlled dietary interventions: (1) OEA (51.9 ± 2.0 kcal × kg fat‐free mass (FFM) −1 × day −1 ) and (2) LEA (22.3 ± 1.5 kcal × kg FFM −1 × day −1 ), followed by 3 days OEA. Participants maintained their exercise training volume during both interventions (approx. 8 h × week −1 at 79% heart rate max). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity, glycogen, and maximal activity of CS, HAD, and PFK were unaltered with LEA. 20‐min time trial endurance performance was impaired by 7.8% (Δ −16.8 W, 95% CI: −23.3 to −10.4, p < .001) which persisted following 3 days refueling post‐LEA ( p < .001). Fat utilization was increased post‐LEA as evidenced by: (1) 99.4% ( p < .001) increase in resting plasma free fatty acids (FFA); (2) 270% ( p = .007) larger reduction in FFA in response to acute exercise; and (3) 28.2% ( p = .015) increase in resting fat oxidation which persisted during submaximal exercise ( p < .001). These responses were reversed with 3 days refueling. Daily glucose control (via CGM), HOMA‐IR, HOMA‐β, were unaffected by LEA. Skeletal muscle O 2 utilization and carbohydrate availability were not limiting factors for aerobic exercise capacity and performance; therefore, whether LEA per se affects aspects of training quality/recovery requires investigation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“contemporary consensus statements emphasise that REDs/LEA remains possible at any age and can present with heterogeneous, partly subclinical manifestations”
From Ageing, Sex Differences, and REDs Risk in Endurance Runners: An Integrated Cross-Sectional Study Protocol (2026) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“studying master endurance runners will remain methodologically valuable because this cohort provides a well-established human model of “successful/healthy ageing”, allowing for the investigation of age-related physiological decline under conditions of sustained high training exposure, thereby reducing confounding by the typical age-related reduction in physical activity [55,72,79].”
From Ageing, Sex Differences, and REDs Risk in Endurance Runners: An Integrated Cross-Sectional Study Protocol (2026) · cites this paper as [55]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance.
Bergström, J., Hermansen, L., Hultman, E., & Saltin, B. (1967) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03720.x · Cited by 1,740 · cited 1×
“62–64 Further, a recent study by Schytz et al., reported that acute glycogen depletion achieved by intense exercise and 3 days controlled diet (−30% glycogen, 367 vs. 525 mmol × kg dry weight −1 ) does not affect acute maximal exercise performance in recreationally active males.”
Bhatti, J. S., Bhatti, G. K., & Reddy, P. H. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.010 · Cited by 1,655
Skeletal muscle triglyceride levels are inversely related to insulin action
Pan, D. A., Lillioja, S., Kriketos, A. D., Milner, M. R., Baur, L. A., Bogardus, C., Jenkins, A. B., & Storlien, L. H. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.6.983 · Cited by 1,179
Skeletal Muscle Triglyceride Levels Are Inversely Related to Insulin Action
Pan, D. A., Lillioja, S., Kriketos, A. D., Milner, M. R., Baur, L. A., Bogardus, C., Jenkins, A. B., & Storlien, L. H. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.6.983 · Cited by 1,179
Mountjoy, M., Ackerman, K. E., Bailey, D. M., Burke, L. M., Constantini, N., Hackney, A. C., Heikura, I. A., Melin, A., Pensgaard, A. M., Stellingwerff, T., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994 · Cited by 974
Self-citationLee, D.-C., Sui, X., Artero, E. G., Lee, I.-M., Church, T. S., McAuley, P. A., Stanford, F. C., Kohl, H. W., & Blair, S. N. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.038422 · Cited by 572
Low energy availability, not stress of exercise, alters LH pulsatility in exercising women
Loucks, A. B., Verdun, M., Heath, E. M., & (With the Technical Assistance of T. Law, S. A. J. R. T. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.37 · Cited by 539 · cited 1×
“…is related to a variety of health and performance impairments as supported by prospective interventional studies conducted in tightly controlled laboratory settings 6–8 or with free-living conditions, 9–11 longitudinal observational studies, 12 and cross-sectional data [reviewed in Refs.”
Nutritional Ketosis Alters Fuel Preference and Thereby Endurance Performance in Athletes
Cox, P. J., Kirk, T., Ashmore, T., Willerton, K., Evans, R., Smith, A., Murray, A. J., Stubbs, B., West, J., McLure, S. W., et al. (2016) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.010 · Cited by 530 · cited 2×
“81,82 Further, recent studies have shown that exogenous ketosis stimulates muscular angiogenesis during endurance training overload in recreationally active males ( + 40% increase in muscle capillarization explained via elevations in circulating erythropoietin in addition to protein and mRNA…”
Simoneau, J., Veerkamp, J. H., Turcotte, L. P., & Kelley, D. E. (1999) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.13.14.2051 · Cited by 491
Evans, M., Cogan, K. E., & Egan, B. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp273185 · Cited by 414
Research works printed but not linked: 71
- 10.1007/s40279-017-0790-3 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/s00421-020-04516-0 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1359/JBMR.040410 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1113/JP284967 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.bone.2018.06.016 · DOI
- 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002819 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1210/jc.2002-020369 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.3109/00365517109080222 · DOI
- 10.1016/S0300-595X(76)80028-X · DOI · Paper page
- 10.3109/00365516809076999 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1113/jphysiol.1982.sp014155 · DOI
- 10.1152/ajpendo.1983.245.4.E318 · DOI
- 10.1152/ajpendo.1986.250.5.E495 · DOI
- 10.1210/jcem-67-2-245 · DOI
- 10.1152/physrev.1980.60.1.143 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1152/japplphysiol.00355.2016 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.02.017 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2944 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1126/science.1104343 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1530/EC-14-0092 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1038/oby.2001.70 · DOI
- 10.1210/jc.2002-020848 · DOI
- 10.1210/jc.2004-0943 · DOI
- 10.1038/oby.2011.10 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.029 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/s00421-015-3116-x · DOI
- 10.1111/sms.12849 · DOI
- 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003169 · DOI
- 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098208 · DOI
- 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107335 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003370 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103250 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.appet.2006.10.009 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.bone.2008.03.013 · DOI
- 10.1093/ajcn/33.11.2372 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/sms.12261 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/978-1-61779-382-0_3 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115071 · DOI
- 10.1016/B978-0-12-457950-7.50011-5 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1371/journal.pone.0216851 · DOI
- 10.1136/bmj.l4378 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1136/jim-2016-000098 · DOI
- 10.1210/jc.2017-00047 · DOI
- Areta JL, 2024, Energetics of a world‐tour female road cyclist during a multistage race (Tour de France Femmes), Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 1, 1
- 10.1113/EP088795 · DOI
- 10.1210/jcem-68-2-402 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1113/JP283209 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155336 · DOI
- 10.1210/jc.2014-2608 · DOI
- 10.1093/jn/105.11.1422 · DOI
- 10.1139/y75-011 · DOI
- 10.1096/fj.201500128 · DOI
- 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017425 · DOI
- 10.1113/JP284346 · DOI
- 10.1113/JP277831 · DOI
- Lestan B, 1994, Beta‐hydroxybutyrate decreases adenosine triphosphate degradation products in human subjects, J Lab Clin Med, 124, 199
- 10.3389/fphys.2011.00112 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2337/db22-0015 · DOI
- 10.1111/apha.13972 · DOI
- 10.1016/0026-0495(93)90074-X · DOI
- 10.1249/00005768-198602000-00020 · DOI
- 10.1249/00005768-198103000-00007 · DOI
- 10.1136/bjsm.21.1.3 · DOI
- 10.1055/s-2008-1038434 · DOI
- 10.1080/02701367.2009.10599561 · DOI
- 10.1080/02701367.2009.10599594 · DOI
- 10.1590/S1807-59322011000200018 · DOI
- 10.1080/02640418508729741 · DOI
- 10.1136/bjsm.20.4.170 · DOI
- 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d09f0f · DOI
- 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181f6b0c7 · DOI
Cited by
Jeppesen, J. S., Hellsten, Y., Melin, A. K., & Hansen, M. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70089 · Cited by 22
Self-citationOreská, Ľ., Kundeková, B., Varga, L., Stebelová, K., Okuliarová, M., Payer, J., & Sedliak, M. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14030121
Metadata
- Authors
- Caldwell, H. G., Jeppesen, J. S., Lossius, L. O., Atti, J. P., Durrer, C. G., Oxfeldt, M., Melin, A. K., Hansen, M., Bangsbo, J., Gliemann, L., & Hellsten, Y.
- Affiliations
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Centre for Physical Activity Research Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Public Health Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
- Department of Sport Science Linnæus University Växjö/Kalmar Sweden
- ORCID
- Venue
- The FASEB Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-11-12
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 21
- ISSN
- 0892-6638
- 1530-6860
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 30
- Language
- en
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Whole-Body and Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Response to 14 Days of Highly Controlled Low Energy Availability in Endurance-Trained Females. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1096/fj.202401780r
- The paper
- Caldwell, H. G., Jeppesen, J. S., Lossius, L. O., Atti, J. P., Durrer, C. G., Oxfeldt, M., Melin, A. K., Hansen, M., Bangsbo, J., Gliemann, L., & Hellsten, Y. (2024). The Whole-Body and Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Response to 14 Days of Highly Controlled Low Energy Availability in Endurance-Trained Females. The FASEB Journal. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202401780r
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
