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Magnetically induced phosphenes in sighted, blind and blindsighted observers
Abstract
Direct stimulation of visual cortex can produce illusory flashes of light, called phosphenes. Here we describe the spatial and motion properties of phosphenes produced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal subjects and in two subjects with peripheral or cortical blindness. The totally retinally blind subject experienced normal phosphenes, apart from their concentration in the centre of the visual field, whereas the hemianopic subject, lacking area V1, did not experience phosphenes when his surviving extrastriate visual areas were stimulated. In the absence of V1, magnetically induced activity was unable to generate a conscious visual percept in the field defect.
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“Moreover, TMS of occipital visual areas can induce tactile sensations in Braille readers, similarly to visual phosphenes in the sighted (Cowey & Walsh, 2000; Penfield & Boldrey, 1937; Tehovnik et al.,2005).”
From Designing sensory-substitution devices: Principles, pitfalls and potential1 (2016) · cites this paper as Cowey & Walsh, 2000
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cowey, A., & Walsh, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ORCID
- Walsh, Vincent
- Venue
- NeuroReport
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 3269-3273
- ISSN
- 0959-4965 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084229861
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroreport (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- phosphenes, transcranial magnetic stimulation, blindsight, cortical blindness, hemianopia, visual cortex, primary visual cortex, visual perception, visual field defects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Electric Stimulation, Humans, Magnetics, Male, Middle Aged, Phosphenes, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Blindness, Cortical, Optic Nerve Injuries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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