Cited by 727Reading and Literacy DevelopmentNeurobiology of Language and BilingualismVisual perception and processing mechanisms

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The visual word form area: a prelexical representation of visual words in the fusiform gyrus

Dehaene, Stanislas, Le Clec’H, Gurvan, Poline, Jean-Baptiste, Le Bihan, Denis, Cohen, Laurent·2002·Neuroreport

DOI 10.1097/00001756-200203040-00015

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Abstract

Event-related fMRI was used to test the hypothesis that the visual word form area in the left fusiform gyrus holds a modality-specific and prelexical representation of visual words. Subjects were engaged in a repetition-detection task on pairs of words or pronounceable pseudo-words that could be written or spoken. The visual word form area responded only to written stimuli, not to spoken stimuli, independently of their semantic content. We propose that the occasional activation of the fusiform gyrus when listening to spoken words is due to the topdown recruitment of visual orthographic or object representations.

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The visual word form area
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Background
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BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
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Method
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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“in that in addition to script typicality, we varied form frequency (or familiarity), with the goal of assessing whether the atypically presented stimuli would nevertheless elicit an early effect of form familiarity, suggesting that they directly activate the abstract form representation of the word. The time-course of…”
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“Recall that in the first subtask, the ACC was identified in the P2a; the ACC is usually involved in automatic attention process (Carretie, Hinojosa, & Loeches, 2002 ) and the fusiform gyrus has an intense relationship with prelexical representations of visual words (Dehaene, Clec’H, & Poline, 2002 ).”
Method
N170 effects during exact and approximate calculation tasks
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Repetition priming without identification of the primes: Evidence for a component process view of priming
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“, 1997) and lexical/ pre-lexical processing of visually presented words and lexical priming (Dehaene et al., 2002; Ryan and Schnyer, 2007; Poldrack and Gabrieli, 2001).”
Cerebral functional asymmetry and phonological performance in dyslexic adults
Hernandez, N., Andersson, F., Edjlali, M., Hommet, C., Cottier, J. P., Destrieux, C., & Bonnet‐Brilhault, F. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12141 · Cited by 20
“This region is known to be involved in word processing independently of word meaning (Dehaene et al., 2002) and typographical case (Cohen et al., 2000, 2002; Dehaene et al., 2001; Polk et al., 2002), and should be involved in prelexical coding.”
Background
Visual event-related potentials reveal the early whole-word lexical processing of Chinese two-character words
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Reading Braille by Touch Recruits Posterior Parietal Cortex
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“Because of its importance in visual word recognition, this part of the vOTC has been often referred to as the visual word form area (VWFA) (Dehaene et al., 2002).”
Word frequency and reading demands modulate brain activation in the inferior frontal gyrus
Sánchez, A., Carreiras, M., & Paz‐Alonso, P. M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-44420-z · Cited by 15
“These authors have typically used low-demand reading tasks that do not require any sort of semantic processing (e.g. indicating whether a stimulus was presented twice or not) 42 .”
Background
NDRA: A single route model of response times in the reading aloud task based on discriminative learning
Hendrix, P., Ramscar, M., & Baayen, R. H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218802 · Cited by 15
Holistic Integration in the Processing of Chinese Characters as Revealed by Electroencephalography Frequency Tagging
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“The fact that we observed a difference in intermodulations between real and pseudo characters, at a first glance, seems to conflict with previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results, as VWFA has been found to respond equally to real and pseudo words (Dehaene et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2008; Vinckier et…”
Result
Toward Realizing the Promise of Educational Neuroscience: Improving Experimental Design in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Studies
Goswami, U. (2020) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-042320-100040 · Cited by 16
Tracking second language immersion across time: Evidence from a bi-directional longitudinal cross-linguistic fMRI study
Brice, H., Frost, S. J., Bick, A., Molfese, P., Rueckl, J. G., Pugh, K., & Frost, R. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107796 · Cited by 11
A new lexical card-sorting task for studying fronto-striatal contribution to processing language rules
Simard, F., Monetta, L., Nagano‐Saito, A., & Monchi, O. (2011) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2011.08.002 · Cited by 15
Cross-modal comparisons of stimulus specificity and commonality in phonological processing
Oroń, A., Wolak, T. P., Zeffiro, T. A., & Szela̧g, E. (2016) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2016.02.001 · Cited by 15
Neural Pattern Similarity in the Left IFG and Fusiform Is Associated with Novel Word Learning
Qu, J., Qian, L., Chen, C., Xue, G., Li, H., Xie, P., & Mei, L. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00424 · Cited by 15
“It has been proposed to be responsible for visual form processing (Dehaene et al., 2002; Cohen and Dehaene, 2004) or integrating low-level visuospatial features with higher-level associations (Price and Devlin, 2011).”
BackgroundResult
Brain Responses to Letters and Speech Sounds and Their Correlations With Cognitive Skills Related to Reading in Children
Xu, W.-Y., Kolozsvári, O., Monto, S., & Hämäläinen, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00304 · Cited by 19
LEARNING TO READ IN ADULTHOOD: AN EVALUATION OF A LITERACY PROGRAM FOR FUNCTIONALLY ILLITERATE ADULTS IN GERMANY
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How one can see what is not there: Neural mechanisms of grapheme-colour synasthesia
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Culture is not destiny, for reading: highlighting variable routes to literacy within writing systems
Hirshorn, E. A., & Harris, L. N. (2022) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14768 · Cited by 13
The Effects of Age and Reading Experience on the Lifespan Neurodevelopment for Reading Comprehension
Liu, X., Zhang, L., Yu, S., Bai, Z., Qi, T., Mao, H., Zhen, Z., Dong, Q., & Liu, L. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_02086 · Cited by 14
“Previous studies have shown that normal readers can automatically carry out the processing of word recognition when passively viewing words (Liuzzi, Ubaldi, & Fairhall, 2021; Lu et al., 2021; Dehaene, Le Clec ’ H, Poline, Le Bihan, & Cohen, 2002; Georgiewa et al., 1999).”
Background
Built to Adapt: Mechanisms of Cognitive Flexibility in the Human Brain
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The neural representation of plural discourse entities
Boiteau, T. W., Bowers, E., Nair, V. A., & Almor, A. (2014) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2014.08.003 · Cited by 14
Brain correlates of phonological recoding of visual symbols
Madec, S., Goff, K. L., Anton, J., Longcamp, M., Velay, J., Nazarian, B., Roth, M., Courrieu, P., Jonathan Grainger, B., & Rey, A. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.010 · Cited by 14
Fundamental Concepts Bridging Education and the Brain
Masson, S., & Foisy, L. B. (2015) · McGill Journal of Education / Revue des sciences de l'éducation de McGill · doi:10.7202/1029432ar · Cited by 15
Word-related N170 responses to implicit and explicit reading tasks in neoliterate adults
Sánchez-Vincitore, L. V., Avery, T., & Froud, K. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025417714063 · Cited by 15
Longitudinal imaging of reading and naming recovery after stroke
Long, C., Sebastian, R., Faria, A. V., & Hillis, A. E. (2017) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2017.1417538 · Cited by 14
Infant Emotion Development and Temperament
Aktar, E., & Pérez‐Edgar, K. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.026 · Cited by 17
Implicit reading in Chinese pure alexia
Shan, C., Zhu, R., Xu, M., Luo, B., & Weng, X. (2010) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.05.006 · Cited by 14
Focal ESES as a selective focal brain dysfunction: a challenge for clinicians, an opportunity for cognitive neuroscientists
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Does pronounceability modulate the letter string deficit of children with dyslexia? A study with the rate and amount model
Marinelli, C. V., Traficante, D., & Zoccolotti, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01353 · Cited by 13
“…non-words than for words (Compton et al., 1991; McCandliss et al., 1997), whereas, in others, the opposite pattern was reported (Cohen et al., 2000; Dehaene et al., 2002; Grossi and Coch, 2005) or no difference between legal and illegal orthographic letter strings was detected (e.g., Bentin et…”
Background
Same Same But Different: Processing Words in the Aging Brain
Froehlich, E., Liebig, J., Morawetz, C., Ziegler, J. C., Braun, M., Heekeren, H. R., & Jacobs, A. M. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.042 · Cited by 16
The impact of inverted text on visual word processing: An fMRI study
Sussman, B. L., Reddigari, S., & Newman, S. D. (2018) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2018.02.004 · Cited by 15
Neuroimaging results suggest the role of prediction in cross-domain priming
Amado, C., Kovács, P., Mayer, R., Ambrus, G. G., Trapp, S., & Kovács, G. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28696-0 · Cited by 17
Lateralization of early orthographic processing during natural reading is impaired in developmental dyslexia
Weiss, B., Nárai, Á., & Vidnyánszky, Z. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119383 · Cited by 12
“…in the left ventral occipitoemporal cortex, anterior to the letter-form area, in the so-called viual word-form area (VWFA) ( Cohen et al., 2000 ; Dehaene et al., 2002 ; cCandliss et al., 2003 ; Thesen et al., 2012 ) with source activity peakng at 225 ms ( Thesen et al., 2012 ), and with…”
BackgroundInfluential
Computational models of location-invariant orthographic processing
Dandurand, F., Hannagan, T., & Grainger, J. (2013) · Connection Science · doi:10.1080/09540091.2013.801934 · Cited by 13
Lateralized task shift effects in Broca's and Wernicke's regions and in visual word form area are selective for conceptual content and reflect trial history
Wallentin, M., Michaelsen, J. L. D., Rynne, I., & Nielsen, R. H. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.07.012 · Cited by 13
“However, a positive correlation within the PS task was found between both Broca's region, Wernicke's region and VWFA (at uncorrected significance levels) and a similar correlation was found for CS, however only between Broca's region and the two other regions and not between Wernicke's region and VWFA.”
Influential
Print‐Tuning Lateralization and Handedness: an Event‐Related Potential Study in Dyslexic Higher Education Students
van Setten, E. R. H., Martínez‐Ferreiro, S., Maurits, N. M., & Maassen, B. (2015) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1519 · Cited by 13
Effects of Hunger on Visual Perception in Binocular Rivalry
Weng, X., Lin, Q., Ma, Y., Yu, P., Hu, Y., Zhou, K., Shen, F., Wang, H., & Wang, Z. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00418 · Cited by 13
Efficient functional localization of language regions in the brain
Lee, J. J., Scott, T. L., & Perrachione, T. K. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120489 · Cited by 12
“…1997), bodies (Downing et al., 2001; Ross et al., 2020), voices (Belin et al., 2000; Pernet et al., 2015), and printed words (Cohen et al., 2002; Dehaene et al., 2002), as well as working memory (Somers et al., 2021) and core linguistic processing (Fedorenko et al., 2011; Fedorenko et al.,…”
Background

Authors: Dehaene, S., Le Clec’H, G., Poline, J.-B., Le Bihan, D., & Cohen, L.
Affiliations: Inserm (FR)
Institut de Biologie et de Chimie des Protéines (FR)
ORCID: Dehaene, Stanislas
Poline, Jean-Baptiste
Cohen, Laurent
Venue: Neuroreport
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2002-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 321-325
ISSN: 0959-4965 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200203040-00015
OpenAlex: W2066530833
Cited by: 727
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 59.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Neuroreport (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
Keywords: visual word form area, fusiform gyrus, modality-specific processing, visual word recognition, spoken word processing, repetition detection, orthographic representation
MeSH terms: Adult, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reaction Time, Reading, Speech Perception

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The visual word form area: a prelexical representation of visual words in the fusiform gyrus

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