Neuroimaging studies of word reading
Open accessAbstract
This review discusses how neuroimaging can contribute to our understanding of a fundamental aspect of skilled reading: the ability to pronounce a visually presented word. One contribution of neuroimaging is that it provides a tool for localizing brain regions that are active during word reading. To assess the extent to which similar results are obtained across studies, a quantitative review of nine neuroimaging investigations of word reading was conducted. Across these studies, the results converge to reveal a set of areas active during word reading, including left-lateralized regions in occipital and occipitotemporal cortex, the left frontal operculum, bilateral regions within the cerebellum, primary motor cortex, and the superior and middle temporal cortex, and medial regions in the supplementary motor area and anterior cingulate. Beyond localization, the challenge is to use neuroimaging as a tool for understanding how reading is accomplished. Central to this challenge will be the integration of neuroimaging results with information from other methodologies. To illustrate this point, this review will highlight the importance of spelling-to-sound consistency in the transformation from orthographic (word form) to phonological (word sound) representations, and then explore results from three neuroimaging studies in which the spelling-to-sound consistency of the stimuli was deliberately varied. Emphasis is placed on the pattern of activation observed within the left frontal cortex, because the results provide an example of the issues and benefits involved in relating neuroimaging results to behavioral results in normal and brain damaged subjects, and to theoretical models of reading.
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Perception of visual words and pseudowords reliably activates the left fusiform gyrus to a greater degree than other highly similar control stimuli.
“Perception of visual words and pseudowords reliably activates the left fusiform gyrus to a greater degree than other highly similar control stimuli.”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [7]
Left temporo-parietal cortex is involved in phonological processing in children and adults and is disrupted in children and adults with dyslexia during phonological processing.
“Left temporo-parietal cortex has been shown to be involved in phonological processing in children and adults and to be disrupted in children and adults with dyslexia during phonological processing (5, 12, 28–32).”
From Neural deficits in children with dyslexia ameliorated by behavioral remediation: Evidence from functional MRI (2003) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Fiez, J. A., & Petersen, S. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1998-02-03
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 914-921
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC33816
- OpenAlex
- W2077810023
- Cited by
- 727
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 13.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ey008775-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 13851, P01HL013851)
- National Eye Institute (EY-08775)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P50NS006833, NS 06833)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- word reading, skilled reading, left frontal cortex, occipitotemporal cortex, cerebellum, supplementary motor area, anterior cingulate cortex, reading models
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Reading, Speech Perception
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