The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The visual word form area: a prelexical representation of visual words in the fusiform gyrus
Abstract
Event-related fMRI was used to test the hypothesis that the visual word form area in the left fusiform gyrus holds a modality-specific and prelexical representation of visual words. Subjects were engaged in a repetition-detection task on pairs of words or pronounceable pseudo-words that could be written or spoken. The visual word form area responded only to written stimuli, not to spoken stimuli, independently of their semantic content. We propose that the occasional activation of the fusiform gyrus when listening to spoken words is due to the topdown recruitment of visual orthographic or object representations.
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In the citing paper
“Brain imaging studies reliably localize a region of visual cortex that is especially responsive to visual words.”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“This finding is robust enough to identify a significant peak of activation in over 90% of individual subject scans, with a standard deviation of , 5 mm [8-11] (Fig. 1).”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Passive presentation of spoken words elicits no response in this region [11].”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“TheVWFAisgenerallyinsensitive to factors that influence lexical access, such as contrasts between high- and lowfrequency words [24], or between real and pseudowords, as revealed by event-related fMRI analyses [11,23,25].”
From The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus (2003) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“A large number of studies, using various methods, have evidenced a reproducible activation of the left fusiform gyrus during reading.”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Dehaene et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“Activation in this region can be identified merely by contrasting word reading relative to rest, either with PET or with fMRI (Beauregard et al., 1997; Brunswick et al., 1999; Dehaene et al., 2002; Fiez et al., 1999; Paulesu et al., 2000; Wagner et al., 1998).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Dehaene et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“In agreement with our hypotheses, in every subject, the left posterior fusiform gyrus was activated by visual words but there was no trace of activation by spoken words.”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Dehaene et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“Several fMRI papers have further shown that this area can be identified in single subjects (Cohen et al., 2000, 2002; Dehaene et al., 2002; Gauthier et al., 2000; Puce et al., 1996).”
From Specialization within the ventral stream: the case for the visual word form area (2004) · cites this paper as Dehaene et al., 2002
Citations
Cites
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“…presentation of words in tasks demanding relatively simple manipulation or processing, such as visual priming (Devlin et al., 2006; Glezer et al., 2009), lexical decision (Cohen et al., 2002; Dehaene et al., 2002), or structure-based word decision (Binder et al., 2006; Kronbichler et al., 2008).”
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“The existing MEG and fMRI literature agrees that these region, (more specifically the left fusiform gyrus), is related to matching high-level orthographic representation with lexical information (Nobre et al., 1994; Tarkiainen et al., 1999, 2002; Dehaene et al., 2002; Dehaene and Cohen, 2011).”
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“…in word form identification and abstract representations of visual words, and has led to that region being labeled as the ‘visual word form area’ (VWFA; Cohen et al., 2000; Dehaene et al., 2001, 2002; Dehaene & Cohen, 2011; see also Fiez & Petersen, 1998; Hart et al., 2000; Leff et al., 2001).”
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“However, this area is well known to be recruited in reading and visual word recognition tasks (Dehaene et al., 2002), and it is not thought to be writing specific.”
The reading brain – Transforming vision into language
Ghuman, A. S., Fiez, J. A., & Boring, M. J. (2026) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2026.102894 · Cited by 2
“Traditionally, the VWFA has been localized to the lateral part of the left mid-fusiform gyrus around (Dehaene et al., 2002).”
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“…involved in the categorization and identification of visual stimuli and as such play a role in retrieving existing mental representations in the task at hand (Dehaene et al., 2002; Devlin et al., 2006; Forseth et al., 2018; Goodale et al., 2005; Grill-Spector and Weiner, 2014; Haxby et al., 2001).”
BackgroundDissecting the Causal Role of Early Inferior Frontal Activation in Reading
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“The left lateral occipitotemporal and nearby inferotemporal cortices have been implicated previously in word-form access and lexico-semantic processing, respectively (Halgren et al., 1994; Dehaene et al., 2002; Vinckier et al., 2007; Chan et al., 2011).”
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“…et al., 1994; Puce et al., 1996; Harris et al., 2016; Saygin et al., 2016; Dehaene-Lambertz et al., 2018; Gomez et al., 2018), most models of orthographic-processing within VTC consider only the more lateral, traditional “ visual word form area ” (Dehaene et al., 2002; Price and Devlin, 2003).”
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“…found to be specialized for orthographic processing and part of the fusiform gyrus was named visual word form area (VWFA) (Booth et al. 2002; Cohen et al. 2000; Cohen et al. 2002; Dehaene et al. 2002; McCandliss et al. 2003; Olulade et al. 2015; Richlan et al. 2011; Warrington and Shallice 1980).”
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“…2000), invariant to changes in low-level visual aspects of stimuli such as font or location (Cohen et al., 2000, 2002; Dehaene et al., 2001), highly reproducible across individuals (Dehaene et al., 2006), and functionally tuned to a reader’s writing system (Baker et al., 2007; Bolger et al., 2005).”
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“Examples include the visual word form area (VWFA), which responds to orthographic Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 01 frontiersin.org forms (Dehaene et al., 2002; Dehaene and Cohen, 2011), the fusiform face area (FFA), which is specialized for facial recognition (Kanwisher et al., 1997), and…”
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Boring, M. J., Hirshorn, E. A., Li, Y., Ward, M. J., Richardson, R. M., Fiez, J. A., & Ghuman, A. S. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/411579 · Cited by 1
Acquired Reading Disorders in Bilingualism
Goral, M. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9781119387725.ch29 · Cited by 1
A neural signature of automatic lexical access in bilingualsPreprint
Aristei, S., Lochy, A., Rossion, B., & Schiltz, C. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.452909 · Cited by 1
Stroke disconnectome decodes reading networksPreprint
Forkel, S. J., Labache, L., Nachev, P., de Schotten, M. T., & Hesling, I. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.20.485029 · Cited by 1
Howard, D. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526544.003.0014 · Cited by 1
Neural signatures of reading-related orthographic processing in braillePreprint
Liu, Y., Rapp, B. C., & Bedny, M. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515790 · Cited by 1
“Because of its importance in reading, this part of the vOTC has been often referred to as the “visual word form area (VWFA)” (Dehaene et al., 2002).”
BackgroundVisual attention and perception
Myers, C. W., & Neth, H. (2007) · Cited by 1
Decoding the “bouba-kiki” effect in early visual cortexPreprint
Ioannucci, S., Jordan, C., Carnet, A.-S., McGettigan, C., & Vetter, P. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.17.700088 · Cited by 1
Cavalli, E. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/bbac0f21ze462z4440zad52ze5b4c4962c95 · Cited by 1
THE NEURAL SUBSTRATES UNDERLYING BOTH SPELLING AND READING
Purcell, J. J. (2012) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 1
Ventral occipito-temporal cortex function and anatomical connectivity in reading
Twomey, T. (2013) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
fMRI Studies of Neural Mechanisms for Word Processing in the Ventral Occipito-Temporal Cortex
其, 格. (2014) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · doi:10.18926/52596
Ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale partieller Wiederholungsblindheit und illusionärer Wörter
Maschmeier, M.-L. (2007) · Univ. Duesseldorf: Duesseldorfer Dokumenten- und Publikationsserver
Functional and Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Language: A Review
Loeches, M. M., & Casado, P. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/22771
“Specifically, the most outstanding in this regard is located within the fusiform gyrus and surrounding areas -such as the lingual gyrus- in the basal temporal cortex (Dehaene et al., 2002).”
BackgroundÞórarinsdóttir, E. Á., & Daníelsdóttir, H. B. (2015)
Involuntary Spatial Attention Influences Auditory Processing: Evidence from Human Electrophysiology
Schneider, J. A., Weeks, D. J., Hillyard, S. A., & McDonald, J. J. (2011) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e520602012-397
Metadata
- Authors
- Dehaene, S., Le Clec’H, G., Poline, J.-B., Le Bihan, D., & Cohen, L.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Institut de Biologie et de Chimie des Protéines (FR)
- Venue
- Neuroreport
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 321-325
- ISSN
- 0959-4965 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066530833
- Cited by
- 727
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 59.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroreport (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- visual word form area, fusiform gyrus, modality-specific processing, visual word recognition, spoken word processing, repetition detection, orthographic representation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reaction Time, Reading, Speech Perception
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