Customization of Pain Treatments: Single-Case Design and Analysis

Onghena, Patrick; Edgington, Eugene S.

doi:10.1097/00002508-200501000-00007

Cited by 188Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationPain Management and Opioid Use

Customization of Pain Treatments: Single-Case Design and Analysis

Onghena, Patrick, Edgington, Eugene S.·2005·The Clinical Journal of Pain

DOI 10.1097/00002508-200501000-00007

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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to acquaint pain researchers and practitioners with recent developments in the single-case experimental approach and their potential to allow for tailoring the treatment and its evaluation to the specific complaints, aptitudes, or profile of the individual patient, without violating the canons of good science and practice. After contrasting the single-case experimental approach and the case-study approach, we show the possibilities of customization in design, measurement, and test statistics. This is done by distinguishing 2 types of single-case designs--alternation designs and phase designs--and 2 types of replication strategies--simultaneous replications and sequential replications. In addition, tailor-made randomization tests are proposed for alternation, phase, and simultaneous replication designs and the combining of P values to perform a meta-analysis on designs that are sequentially replicated. With our emphasis on: 1) randomization in the design; 2) the possibilities for a statistical test (together with the determination of power and the calculation of effect sizes); 3) the importance of reliable and valid measurement; and 4) the role of replication, we demonstrate how internal validity, statistical-conclusion validity, construct validity, and external validity concerns can be dealt with within a single-case experimental approach framework. Finally, the many research examples and references to clinical work illustrate the usefulness of the approach.

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Single-case experimental design studies can provide a clear understanding of change in outcomes and processes at the individual level, and a perspective on therapeutic mechanisms that considerably expands upon findings from randomised controlled trials.
“SCED studies can provide a clear understanding of change in outcomes and processes at the individual level, and a perspective on therapeutic mechanisms that considerably expands upon findings from RCTs (Onghena & Edgington, 2005;Vlaeyen et al., 2020).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for women living with Vulvodynia: A single-case experimental design study of a treatment delivered online (2022) · cites this paper as Onghena & Edgington, 2005
n-of-1 study designs use repeated measurements to provide a more fine-graded, time-sensitive and context-sensitive picture of individual trajectories and patterns than RCTs, allowing evaluation of effects at the within-person level.
“Compared with RCTs, n-of-1 study designs use repeated measurements to provide a more fine-graded, time-sensitive and context-sensitive picture of individual trajectories and pattern, thus allowing to evaluate effects at the within-person level.23”
From Development, evaluation and implementation of a digital behavioural health treatment for chronic pain: study protocol of the multiphase DAHLIA project (2022) · cites this paper as [23]

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Edgington, E. S., & Haller, O. (1983) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316448304300319 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Enhancing the scientific credibility of single-case intervention research: Randomization to the rescue.
Kratochwill, T. R., & Levin, J. R. (2010) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0017736 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Low back pain
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Maher, C. G., Wiech, K., Van Zundert, J., Meloto, C. B., Diatchenko, L., Battié, M. C., Goossens, M., Koes, B., & Linton, S. J. (2018) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0052-1 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Single-case experimental designs to assess intervention effectiveness in rehabilitation: A practical guide
Krasny‐Pacini, A., & Evans, J. J. (2017) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2017.12.002 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments for Chronic Pain: What Works for Whom?
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Morley, S. (2005) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200501000-00001 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Reduction of pain-related fear in complex regional pain syndrome type I: The application of graded exposure in vivo
de Jong, J. R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Onghena, P., Cuypers, C., den Hollander, M., & Ruijgrok, J. M. (2005) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.04.019 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
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MyBehavior
Rabbi, M., Aung, M. H., Zhang, M., & Choudhury, T. (2015) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2750858.2805840 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Single-Case Design, Analysis, and Quality Assessment for Intervention Research
Lobo, M. A., Moeyaert, M., Cunha, A. B., & Babik, I. (2017) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000187 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016: Explanation and elaboration.
Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., McDonald, S., Togher, L., Shadish, W., Horner, R., Kratochwill, T., Barlow, D. H., Kazdin, A., et al. (2016) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000027 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Treatments addressing pain-related fear and anxiety in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: A preliminary review
Bailey, K. M., Carleton, R. N., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2010) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070902980711 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Expose or protect? A randomized controlled trial of exposure in vivo vs pain-contingent treatment as usual in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1
den Hollander, M., Goossens, M., de Jong, J., Ruijgrok, J., Oosterhof, J., Onghena, P., Smeets, R., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000651 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
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A systematic review of psychological treatments for mild traumatic brain injury: An update on the evidence
Snell, D. L., Surgenor, L. J., Hay-Smith, J. E., & Siegert, R. J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390801978849 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Small Sample Size Solutions
van de Schoot, R., & Miočević, M. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429273872 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy modules: Differential impact on treatment processes and outcomes
Villatte, J. L., Vilardaga, R., Villatte, M., Plumb Vilardaga, J. C., Atkins, D. C., & Hayes, S. C. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.001 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The experimental analysis of the interruptive, interfering, and identity-distorting effects of chronic pain
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Morley, S., & Crombez, G. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.016 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
A framework for self-experimentation in personalized health
Karkar, R., Zia, J. K., Vilardaga, R., Mishra, S. R., Fogarty, J. A., Munson, S. A., & Kientz, J. A. (2015) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocv150 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
An R package for single-case randomization tests
Bulté, I., & Onghena, P. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.2.467 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
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Pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in children: an overview of systematic reviews
Eccleston, C., Fisher, E., Cooper, T. E., Grégoire, M.-C., Heathcote, L. C., Krane, E. J., Lord, S. M., Sethna, N. F., Anderson, A.-K., Anderson, B. J., et al. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001609 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Imagery Rescripting as treatment for complicated PTSD in refugees: A multiple baseline case series study
Arntz, A. R., Sofi, D., & van Breukelen, G. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.02.009 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Randomization tests for multiple-baseline designs: An extension of the SCRT-R package
Bulté, I., & Onghena, P. (2009) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.41.2.477 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
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The Single-Case Data Analysis Package: Analysing Single-Case Experiments with R Software
Bulté, I., & Onghena, P. (2013) · Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods · doi:10.22237/jmasm/1383280020 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
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Randomization tests for single-case experiments: State of the art, state of the science, and state of the application
Heyvaert, M., & Onghena, P. (2014) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.10.002 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
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Three-Level Analysis of Single-Case Experimental Data: Empirical Validation
Moeyaert, M., Ugille, M., Ferron, J. M., Beretvas, S. N., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2013) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2012.745470 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Reduction of pain-related fear and increased function and participation in work-related upper extremity pain (WRUEP): Effects of exposure in vivo
de Jong, J. R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., van Eijsden-Besseling, M. D. F., Loo, C., & Onghena, P. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.07.001 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
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A systematic review of applied single-case research published between 2016 and 2018: Study designs, randomization, data aspects, and data analysis
Tanious, R., & Onghena, P. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01502-4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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Personalized pain management: Is it time for process‐based therapy for particular people with chronic pain?
McCracken, L. M. (2023) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.2091 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Randomized single-case AB phase designs: Prospects and pitfalls
Michiels, B., & Onghena, P. (2019) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1084-x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
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The use of safety-seeking behavior in exposure-based treatments for fear and anxiety: Benefit or burden? A meta-analytic review.
Meulders, A., Daele, T. V., Volders, S., & Vlaeyen, J. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.02.002 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Studies With Staggered Starts: Multiple Baseline Designs and Group-Randomized Trials
Rhoda, D. A., Murray, D. M., Andridge, R. R., Pennell, M. L., & Hade, E. M. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300264 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Reduction of Pain-Related Fear and Disability in Post-Traumatic Neck Pain: A Replicated Single-Case Experimental Study of Exposure In Vivo
de Jong, J. R., Vangronsveld, K. L. H., Peters, M. L., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Onghena, P., Bulté, I., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2008) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.06.015 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
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Advancing psychological therapies for chronic pain
Eccleston, C., & Crombez, G. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.10612.1 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Intensive prolonged exposure treatment for adolescent complex posttraumatic stress disorder: a single‐trial design
Hendriks, L., de Kleine, R. A., Heyvaert, M., Becker, E. S., Hendriks, G., & van Minnen, A. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12756 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Analysis of single-case data: Randomisation tests for measures of effect size
Heyvaert, M., & Onghena, P. (2014) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2013.818564 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
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From Boulder to Stockholm in 70 Years: Single Case Experimental Designs in Clinical Research
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Wicksell, R. K., Simons, L. E., Gentili, C., De, T. K., Tate, R. L., Vohra, S., Punja, S., Linton, S. J., Sniehotta, F. F., et al. (2020) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-020-00402-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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Analyzing data from single-case alternating treatments designs.
Manolov, R., & Onghena, P. (2017) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000133 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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Methodological quality of meta-analyses of single-case experimental studies
Jamshidi, L., Heyvaert, M., Declercq, L., Fernández‐Castilla, B., Ferron, J. M., Moeyaert, M., Beretvas, S. N., Onghena, P., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.12.016 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
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Randomized Single-Case Experimental Designs in Healthcare Research: What, Why, and How?
Tanious, R., & Onghena, P. (2019) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare7040143 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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A Priori Justification for Effect Measures in Single-Case Experimental Designs
Manolov, R., Moeyaert, M., & Fingerhut, J. E. (2022) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-021-00282-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
A Visual Aid and Objective Rule Encompassing the Data Features of Visual Analysis
Manolov, R., & Vannest, K. J. (2019) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445519854323 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Analysis of single-case experimental count data using the linear mixed effects model: A simulation study
Declercq, L., Jamshidi, L., Fernández‐Castilla, B., Beretvas, S. N., Moeyaert, M., Ferron, J. M., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1091-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Synthesizing single-case studies: A Monte Carlo examination of a three-level meta-analytic model
Owens, C. M., & Ferron, J. M. (2011) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0180-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A systematic review of single-case experimental design meta-analyses: characteristics of study designs, data, and analyses
Jamshidi, L., Heyvaert, M., Declercq, L., Fernández-Castilla, B., Ferron, J., Moeyaert, M., Beretvas, S. N., Onghena, P., & den Noortgate, W. V. (2022) · Evidence Based Communication Assessment and Intervention · doi:10.1080/17489539.2022.2089334 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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Self-injurious behavior in people with profound intellectual disabilities: A meta-analysis of single-case studies
Denis, J., Noortgate, W. V. D., & Maes, B. (2011) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.01.014 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Analysis of Intensive Longitudinal Data: Putting Psychological Processes in Perspective
Hamaker, E. L. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-022947 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Design and Real-World Evaluation of Eyes-Free Yoga
Rector, K., Vilardaga, R., Lansky, L., Lu, K., Bennett, C. L., Ladner, R. E., & Kientz, J. A. (2017) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3022729 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Testing the Intervention Effect in Single-Case Experiments: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study
Heyvaert, M., Moeyaert, M., Verkempynck, P., Van den Noortgate, W., Vervloet, M., Ugille, M., & Onghena, P. (2017) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2015.1123667 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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Confidence intervals for single-case effect size measures based on randomization test inversion
Michiels, B., Heyvaert, M., Meulders, A., & Onghena, P. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0714-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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One by One: Accumulating Evidence by using Meta-Analytical Procedures for Single-Case Experiments
Onghena, P., Michiels, B., Jamshidi, L., Moeyaert, M., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2017) · Brain Impairment · doi:10.1017/brimp.2017.25 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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Randomization and Data-Analysis Items in Quality Standards for Single-Case Experimental Studies
Heyvaert, M., Wendt, O., Noortgate, W. V. D., & Onghena, P. (2014) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/0022466914525239 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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MultiSCED: A tool for (meta-)analyzing single-case experimental data with multilevel modeling
Declercq, L., Cools, W., Beretvas, S. N., Moeyaert, M., Ferron, J. M., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2019) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01216-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
An N = 1 Evaluation of Enhanced CBT Supervision
Milne, D. L., Reiser, R. P., & Cliffe, T. (2012) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465812000434 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Ambulatory measurement of cortisol: Where do we stand, and which way to follow?
Hogenelst, K., Soeter, M., & Kallen, V. (2018) · Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research · doi:10.1016/j.sbsr.2018.100249 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Misspecification of the Covariance Structures in Multilevel Models for Single-Case Data: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study
Moeyaert, M., Ugille, M., Ferron, J. M., Beretvas, S. N., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2015) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2015.1065216 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Single Subject Designs in Biomedicine
Janosky, J., Leininger, S. L., Hoerger, M., & Libkuman, T. M. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2444-2 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
An Exposure-Based Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Youth with Severe Irritability: Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy
Naim, R., Dombek, K., German, R. E., Haller, S. P., Kircanski, K., & Brotman, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2023.2264385 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The “future” pain clinician: Competencies needed to provide psychologically informed care
Linton, S. J., O’Sullivan, P., Zetterberg, H., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2024-0017 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Les protocoles individuels dans l’évaluation par le psychologue praticien de l’efficacité de son intervention
Juhel, J. (2008) · Pratiques Psychologiques · doi:10.1016/j.prps.2008.05.006 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Randomization tests for changing criterion designs
Onghena, P., Tanious, R., De, T. K., & Michiels, B. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.01.005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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Time Series Analysis for Psychological Research
Velicer, W. F., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop202022 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Handling missing data in randomization tests for single-case experiments: A simulation study
De, T. K., Michiels, B., Tanious, R., & Onghena, P. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01320-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for women living with Vulvodynia: A single-case experimental design study of a treatment delivered online
Chisari, C., McCracken, L. M., Cruciani, F., Moss-Morris, R., & Scott, W. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.11.003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Graded exposure treatment for adolescents with chronic pain (GET Living): Protocol for a randomized controlled trial enhanced with single case experimental design
Simons, L. E., Harrison, L. E., O'Brien, S. F., Heirich, M. S., Loecher, N., Boothroyd, D. B., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Wicksell, R. K., Schofield, D., Hood, K. K., et al. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100448 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“io/scda/) [63] to assess the difference between baseline to discharge and baseline to 3 and 6-month follow-up on Daily Dairies [16,64].”
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Development, evaluation and implementation of a digital behavioural health treatment for chronic pain: study protocol of the multiphase DAHLIA project
Bartels, S. L., Johnsson, S. I., Boersma, K., Flink, I., McCracken, L. M., Petersson, S., Christie, H. L., Feldman, I., Simons, L. E., Onghena, P., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059152 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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A multiple randomization testing procedure for level, trend, variability, overlap, immediacy, and consistency in single-case phase designs.
Tanious, R., De, T. K., & Onghena, P. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103414 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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Modeling external events in the three-level analysis of multiple-baseline across-participants designs: A simulation study
Moeyaert, M., Ugille, M., Ferron, J. M., Beretvas, S. N., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2012) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-012-0274-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Assessing Consistency in Single-Case A-B-A-B Phase Designs
Tanious, R., De, T. K., Michiels, B., den Noortgate, W. V., & Onghena, P. (2020) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445519837726 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Demonstrating treatment efficacy using the single subject randomization design: A tutorial and demonstration
Rvachew, S., & Matthews, T. (2017) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2017.04.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Replicability and randomization test logic in behavior analysis
Jacobs, K. W. (2019) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.501 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A randomization test wrapper for synthesizing single-case experiments using multilevel models: a Monte Carlo simulation study
Michiels, B., Tanious, R., De, T. K., & Onghena, P. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01266-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Another Look at the Lady Tasting Tea and Differences Between Permutation Tests and Randomisation Tests
Hemerik, J., & Goeman, J. J. (2020) · International Statistical Review · doi:10.1111/insr.12431 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Single-Case Experimental Designs: Clinical Research and Practice
Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Onghena, P., Vannest, K. J., & Kratochwill, T. R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00191-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Using beat frequency in music to adjust running cadence in recreational runners: A randomized multiple baseline design
Brake, M. T., Stolwijk, N. M., Staal, J. B., & Hooren, B. V. (2022) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2022.2042398 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A Small Sample Randomized Clinical Trial Methodology Using N-of-1 Designs and Mixed Model Analysis
Ridenour, T. A., Hall, D. L., & Bost, J. E. (2009) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990903005916 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Case Study: Videogame Distraction Reduces Behavioral Distress in a Preschool-Aged Child Undergoing Repeated Burn Dressing Changes: A Single-Subject Design
Sil, S., Dahlquist, L. M., & Burns, A. J. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jss128 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The No Worries Trial: Efficacy of Online Dialectical Behaviour Therapy Skills Training for Chronic Pain (iDBT-Pain) Using a Single Case Experimental Design
Norman-Nott, N., Wilks, C. R., Hesam-Shariati, N., Schroeder, J., Suh, J., Czerwinski, M., Briggs, N. E., Quidé, Y., McAuley, J., & Gustin, S. M. (2022) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2021.10.003 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Excessive generalization of pain-related avoidance behavior: mechanisms, targets for intervention, and future directions
Vandael, K., Vervliet, B., Peters, M., & Meulders, A. (2023) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002990 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Generalization of exposure in vivo in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type I
den Hollander, M., de Jong, J. R., Onghena, P., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103511 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Replication Research Series-Paper 1 : A concept analysis and meta-narrative review established a comprehensive theoretical definition of replication research to improve its use
Vachon, B., Curran, J., Karunananthan, S., Brehaut, J., Graham, I. D., Moher, D., Sales, A. E., Straus, S. E., Fiander, M., Paprica, P. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.07.006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Social robots in the instruction of social skills in autism: a comprehensive descriptive analysis of single-case experimental designs
Aslan, S. D., & Çolak, A. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2022.2087772 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Promising behavior change techniques in a multicomponent intervention to reduce concerns about falls in old age: A Delphi study
Vestjens, L., Kempen, G. I. J. M., Crutzen, R., Kok, G., & Zijlstra, G. A. R. (2015) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyv003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Efficacy of online Memory Specificity Training in adults with a history of depression, using a multiple baseline across participants design
Martens, K. M., Barry, T. J., Takano, K., Onghena, P., & Raes, F. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100259 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Comparison of Below-Knee Amputee Gait Performed Overground and on a Motorized Treadmill
Button, C., Moyle, S., & Davids, K. (2010) · Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly · doi:10.1123/apaq.27.2.96 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Single Session of Mirror‐based Tactile and Motor Training Improves Tactile Dysfunction in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: A Replicated Randomized Controlled Case Series
Auld, M. L., Johnston, L. M., Russo, R. N., & Moseley, G. L. (2016) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.1674 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Quantitative Techniques and Graphical Representations for Interpreting Results from Alternating Treatment Design
Manolov, R., Tanious, R., & Onghena, P. (2021) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-021-00289-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Assessment methods in single case design studies of psychological treatments for chronic pain: A scoping review
Lavefjord, A., Sundström, F. T. A., Buhrman, M., & McCracken, L. M. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.05.005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Young Children (Ages 4–8) with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Multiple-Baseline Evaluation
Olivier, E., de Roos, C., & Bexkens, A. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01237-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Simulation Study on Two Analytical Techniques for Alternating Treatments Designs
Manolov, R. (2018) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445518777875 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A practitioner's guide to conducting and analysing embedded randomized single-case experimental designs
Tanious, R., & Manolov, R. (2022) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2022.2035774 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The conditional power of randomization tests for single-case effect sizes in designs with randomized treatment order: A Monte Carlo simulation study
Michiels, B., Heyvaert, M., & Onghena, P. (2017) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0885-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Biopsychosocial primary care versus physiotherapy as usual in chronic low back pain: results of a pilot-randomised controlled trial
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Authors: Onghena, P., & Edgington, E. S.
Affiliations: KU Leuven (BE)
University of Calgary (CA)
Corresponding author: Onghena, Patrick
ORCID: Onghena, Patrick
Venue: The Clinical Journal of Pain
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2005-01
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 56-68
ISSN: 0749-8047 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200501000-00007
OpenAlex: W2117635631
Cited by: 188
References: 113
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 0.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Clinical Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
Keywords: single-case experimental design, pain management, personalized treatment, replication strategies, permutation tests, combining p-values, meta-analysis, internal validity, statistical conclusion validity, construct validity, generalizability, reliability and validity, effect size, power analysis
MeSH terms: Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Research Design, Reproducibility of Results, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Pain Management

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Customization of Pain Treatments: Single-Case Design and Analysis

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