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Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder: A Review of the Past 10 Years, Part I
Abstract
Objective To review empirical findings on oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD).Method Selected summaries of the literature over the past decade are presented.Results Evidence supports a distinction between the symptoms of ODD and many symptoms of CD, but there is controversy about whether aggressive symptoms should be considered to be part of ODD or CD. CD is clearly heterogenous, but further research is needed regarding the most useful subtypes. Some progress has been made in documenting sex differences. Symptoms that are more serious, more atypical for the child's sex, or more age-atypical appear to be prognostic of serious dysfunction. Progress has been made in the methods for assessment of ODD and CD, but some critical issues, such as combined information from different informants, remains to be addressed. A proportion of children with ODD later develop CD, and a proportion of those with CD later meet criteria for antisocial personality disorder. ODD and CD frequently co-occur with other psychiatric conditions.Conclusions Although major advances in the study of the prevalence and course of ODD and CD have occurred in the past decade, some key issues remain unanswered.
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“Our findings suggest that deficient motivational gradients may also be related to ODD, a frequent precursor to early-onset CD (Loeber et al. 2000).”
From Risk taking and sensitivity to punishment in children with ADHD, ODD, ADHD+ODD, and controls (2011) · cites this paper as Loeber et al. 2000
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Metadata
- Authors
- LOEBER, R., BURKE, J. D., LAHEY, B. B., WINTERS, A., & ZERA, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- LOEBER, ROLF
- ORCID
- BURKE, JEFFREY D.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1468-1484
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095007892
- Cited by
- 1,192
- References
- 204
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 77
- FWCI
- 4.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NIMH (grant MH 42529, grant MH 50778)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, sex differences, prognosis, informant-based assessment, antisocial personality disorder, comorbidities, symptom heterogeneity, child and adolescent psychiatric disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, Prognosis, Sex Factors, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Age of Onset, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
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