Automatic 3D Intersubject Registration of MR Volumetric Data in Standardized Talairach Space

“The transformed T1weighted image was then nonlinearly mapped to the T1 template of ICBM152 in MNI space (Collins et al., 1994).”

“…correction to correct for field inhomogeneity (Sled et al., 1998), normalization (nonlinear and linear steps) to the MNI/ICBM 152 template (Collins et al., 1994, 1995), tissue classification [labeling each voxel as gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), or CSF], and partial volume…”

“PET frames were summed for coregistration with the MRI (Woods et al., 1993) and transformation into standardized stereotaxic space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) by means of automated feature matching to the MNI template (Collins et al., 1994).”

“The MNI system is an extension of the Talairach system: the standard template of the MNI system was generated by fitting the brains of multiple subjects to the Talairach template and subsequently averaging them (Collins et al., 1994).”

“Concurrently, the beautiful work by the Evan's group has proceeded along the lines of establishing the power of these approaches in lower and moderate dimensional settings in which the image structures being matched are more globally defined with the variability of global structures being the primary goal of successfu…”

“The MR data used in the first experiment were drawn from a set of 305 scans of normal healthy volunteers (Evans etaL, 1992b) who underwent scanning as part of their participation in PET studies at the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI).”

“A nonlinear and linear transformation was used to align individual images to the template to preserve cerebral asymmetries (Collins et al., 1994).”

“Follow-up scans were then rigidly aligned to the baseline scan from the same subject (Collins et al., 1994).”

“Each PET- and MRI-volume was automatically transformed into a stereotaxic space similar to that of Talairach and Tournoux, using the method published by Collins et al. (1994) to allow for inter-subject averaging and localization of rCBF changes.”

“Voxelwise [11C]raclopride binding potential (BP) was calculated using a simplified reference tissue method (Lammertsma et al., 1996; Gunn et al., 1997) to generate statistical parametric images of the change in binding (Aston et al., 2000).”

“05) can be seen in left ACCd (a) [MNI (Collins et al., 1994) plane y 34; left hemisphere shown on right of image], striatum (b) (MNI, y 2), and in a midbrain region in the vicinity of the dopaminergic midbrain nuclei (c, d) (MNI, z 20, x 6, circled in white in d).”

“As part of this process, we spatially normalized the CT image of each subject’s brain to a CT Template brain image in MNI (Montreal Neurological Institute) space (Collins et al., 1994).”

“Each subject’s fMRI data set was coregistered to that subject’s structural MRI data set so that each individual’s fMRI data could be localized with reference to their own neuroanatomical space.(34) Activation maps were generated for two contrasts: novel versus fixation, which contrasted the encoding of novel complex s…”

“Location of the target site To target the same cortical sites in all subjects, a highresolution MRI of each subject's brain was acquired and transformed into standardized stereotaxic space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) using automated feature-matching to the MNI template (Collins et al., 1994).”

“Magnetic resonance images were scaled to match the ICBM53 (International Consortium for Brain Mapping) average brain imaging template using a 9-parameter linear transformation.(31) Image nonuniformities due to magnetic field inhomogeneities were eliminated.”

“The filtered, issue-classified supratentorial volume from each subect was then scaled into standard ICBM-305 space sing a completely automated nine-parameter linear with scaling in the x, y, and z planes) spatial normalizaion algorithm (Collins et al., 1994).”

“Each matched MRI/PET data set was then linearly resampled into the standardized stereotaxic coordinate system of Talairach and Tournoux (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) via an automated feature-matching algorithm (Collins et al., 1994).”

“…(to the hand of stimulation) primar y somatosensory cortex (SI) was activated most strongly in the neutral condition — x, y, z = 42, –32, 68 in MNI space (Collins et al., 1994); cluster size (cs in voxels) = 2559, z > 8 — but there was also some activation in the other two conditions (Fig.”

“All registrations were performed using the MNI autoreg tools (Collins et al., 1994), which use an elastic registration algorithm.”

“, 1998) and registered into stereotaxic space using a nine parameter linear transformation (Collins et al., 1994).”

“Regional parcellation—ANIMAL.”

“This was accomplished by using an automatic image-registration method (Collins et al. 1994) based on multi-scale three-dimensional (3-”

“To aid in the identification of the imaged anatomic regions, a considerable amount of research has been directed towards the development of 3-dimensional standardized atlases of the human brain [1,2,3].”

“Transforming individual, subject-level data between different representations and coordinate systems is nontrivial and has been the focus of significant research over the past several decades [5, 15, 30, 54, 63, 64, 71, 89, 93].”

“Registration was performed using an automated three-dimensional (3D) multiscale approach based on mutual information (Collins et al., 1994) and using each infant’s high flip angle SPGR image.”

“Moreover, the mean EPI image of each participant was computed and spatially normalized (Collins et al. 1994; Evans et al. 1994; Holmes et al. 1998) using the “unified segmentation” function in SPM5 (Ashburner and Friston 2005).”

“Ten T1 and T2 maps were acquired over a period of 4 days and the calculated maps were subsequently linearly coregistered (11) and averaged.”

“Second, PET images were coregistered with the individual MRIs (Woods et al., 1993) and transformed into stereotaxic space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) by means of an automated feature-matching algorithm (Collins et al., 1994).”

“…(i.e., between ages 10 and 19 according to the definition of theWorld Health Organization), used fMRI scanning, involved non-emotional stimuli or tasks, and reported the coordinates of activations in the space of theMNI template (Collins et al., 1994) or the atlas of Talairach and Tournoux (1988).”

“(D) Anatomical location of electrodes in the frontal lobe displayed on a Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) brain (average of 305 brains) (Collins et al., 1994).”

“Images were registered automatically in a standard, stereotaxic space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) to adjust for differences in total brain volume and brain orientation and to facilitate the identi®cation of boundaries by minimizing variability in slice orientation (Collins et al., 1994).”

“Spatial normalization is achieved by 9 degrees of freedom linear registration (Collins et al., 1994) to the publicly available ICBM152 average (Fonov et al., 2011) that defines the MNI Talairach-like stereotaxic space, and resampled on a 193×229×193 voxel grid with isotropic 1 mm spacing.”

“The estimation of the parameters of the non-linear spatial normalization was based on matching the individual T 1 weighted 3D image to the 152 brains template (Collins et al., 1994) supplied by the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI).”

“1992), and linearly transformed into standardized stereotaxic space (Talairach and Tournoux 1988) using automated algorithms (Collins et al. 1994).”

“The 142 T1-weighted brain volumes were stereotaxically transformed using nine parameters (Collins et al., 1994) to match the Montreal Neurological Institute 305 average template (MNI305).”

“…of the total cerebrum were quantified using an automated technique developed at the Montreal Neurological Institute that combines voxel-intensity based tissue classification into gray matter, white matter, and CSF with a probabilistic atlas (Collins et al., 1994, Zijdenbos and Dawant, 1994).”

“Each PET and MRI volume was reconstructed, aligned, and transformed ( Collins, Neelin, Peters, & Evans, 1994 ) to at into a standardized space (Talairach & Tournoux, 1988) to allow for intersubject averaging and anatomical localization of rCBF changes.”

“Images were linearly registered into a standardized stereotaxic space based on the Talairach atlas (Collins et al. 1994).”

“The most straightforward methods of registration assume that the images or tissues being matched are highly similar for which the variability of only global course features are accommodated via affine transformations [11], [21], [22].”

“Processing includes correction for magnetic field non-uniformities, intensity normalization and brain-to-brain linear registration to a standard template in the stereotaxic space (ICBM152) based on the Talairach atlas (Collins et al., 1994).”

“The native MR images were normalized into a standardized stereotaxic space using a linear transformation and corrected for intensity nonuniformity (Collins et al. 1994; Sled et al. 1998).”

“After completing the realignment, the mean EPI image for each subject was computed and spatially normalized to the MNI single-subject template (Collins, Neelin, Peters, & Evans, 1994 ) using the “unified segmentation” function in SPM5.”

“When necessary, neuroanatomical coordinates were converted from the standard space of the Montreal Neurological Institute (Collins et al., 1994) to Talairach space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988) using the icbm2tal transformation (Lancaster et al., 2007).”

“(a) Signal increases during activation blocks are superimposed over individual normalized T1-weighted 3D MRI (MNI stereotaxic space; Collins et al., 1994) and thresholded at a significance level P 0.”

“Measuring the accuracy of these approaches remains an active research area, despite the rapid progress in the field of 3D deformable registration during the past several years (Gee et al., 1993; Christensen et al., 1994, 1997; Collins et al., 1994; Friston et al., 1995b; Thompson and Toga, 1996; Davatzikos, 1996a, 199…”

“We also thank Robert Savoy and The Rowland Institute for Science for technical and equipment support, and the Brain Imaging Center at the Montreal Neurological Institute for stereotaxic software.”

“space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988; Collins et al., 1994) defined the”

“, 1993), and both images were transformed linearly into standardized stereotaxic space using the Montreal Neurological Institute template (Collins et al., 1994).”

“Normalization parameters were estimated using the MNI 305 T1 brain [48] as a template and the T1 image as a source.”

“…include (Glocker et al., 2008; Vercauteren et al., 2007, 2009; Ou and Davatzikos, 2009; D’Agostino et al., 2003; Kybic and Unser, 2003; Christensen et al., 1994; Collins et al., 1994; Thirion, 1998; Rueckert et al., 1999; Maes et al., 1997; Wells et al., 1996; Friston et al., 1995), among others.”

“The use of crosscorrelation is common as a measure of matching in image processing and in MRI in particular (Collins et al., 1994); however, the LPC approach differs by its use of the weighting function and of localized estimates that are later combined nonlinearly.”

“This reference space is based on an “average brain” determined from 305 MRI scans of healthy subjects acquired at the Montreal Neurological Institute (Collins et al., 1994).”

“For instance (a more complete review on the subject can be found in [1]), Collins [2] proposes a technique in which the overall transformation is obtained as a set of local affine ones.”

“VBM analyses were performed with software developed at the Montreal Neurological Institute (e.g., Paus et al., 1999; Pruessner et al., 2001; Watkins et al., 2001).”

“Each matched MRI/PET dataset was then linearly resampled into a standardized stereotaxic coordinate system based on the MNI305 target (a sample of 305 normal subjects) via an automated feature-matching algorithm [73], resulting in a normalized brain space similar to the Talairach and Tournoux atlas (for additional inf…”

“The cytoarchitectonic maps of ten human brains were warped to the reference space of the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) single subject brain (Collins et al., 1994; Holmes et al., 1998).”

“In contrast to the ‘original’ T1weighted MNI single subject brain (Evans et al. 1992; Collins et al. 1994; Holmes et al. 1998), the anatomical MNI space aligns the brain data sets to the anterior commissure at the level of the interhemispheric fissure as the origin (0, 0, 0). The ‘anatomical’ MNI space differs from th…”

“A comprehensive understanding of this condition will therefore provide the key knowledge about the formation of Alzheimer’s related pathology as well as providing insight into the nature of MCI itself.”

“Both the anatomical and functional volumes were resampled into standard stereotaxic space based on the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) 305 template (Collins et al., 1994).”

“Gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid segmentation was performed via a 3-part automated image analysis process.(21-25,31) First, the images are corrected for regional intensity nonuniformities resulting from magnetic field inhomogeneities inherent in the image acquisition process.”

“Using the T 1 -weighted anatomical image, prior to registration into standard Montreal Neurological Image (MNI) space (Collins and others 1994), masks were drawn over the superior colliculus in the left hemisphere of each subject's brain.”

“All data were normalized into the Talairach-like MNI stereotaxic space (Collins et al. 1994) in order to account for differences in position, orientation, and size of each subject’s brain in the native scans.”

“Pennsylvania [8] [9] [10], Washington University [11] [12], and The spatial transformation of images plays an important Montreal Neurological Institute [13].”

“To facilitate comparison with other studies, approximate Talairach coordinates were derived by mapping the surface-based coordinates of activation and FA maxima back to the original structural volume for each participant, registering the volumes to the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI305) atlas (Collins et al., 19…”

“Following this, anatomical normalization to the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) standard template (Collins et al., 1994) was performed using a 12-parameter affine transformation.”

“…differences in global CBF, coregistered with each individual's MRI scan (Woods, Mazziotta, & Cherry, 1993) and both were transformed into the standardized stereotaxic space of Talairach and Tournoux (1988) by means of an automatic featurematching algorithm (Collins, Neelin, Peters, & Evans, 1994 ).”