The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
MODELING THE ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS OF ASTRONAUTS FROM EXPOSURE TO LARGE SOLAR PARTICLE EVENTS
Abstract
Radiation exposure from Solar Particle Events (SPE) presents a significant health concern for astronauts for exploration missions outside the protection of the Earth's magnetic field, which could impair their performance and result in the possibility of failure of the mission. Assessing the potential for early radiation effects under such adverse conditions is of prime importance. Here we apply a biologically based mathematical model that describes the dose- and time-dependent early human responses that constitute the prodromal syndromes to consider acute risks from SPEs. We examine the possible early effects on crews from exposure to some historically large solar events on lunar and/or Mars missions. The doses and dose rates of specific organs were calculated using the Baryon radiation transport (BRYNTRN) code and a computerized anatomical man model, while the hazard of the early radiation effects and performance reduction were calculated using the Radiation-Induced Performance Decrement (RIPD) code. Based on model assumptions we show that exposure to these historical events would cause moderate early health effects to crew members inside a typical spacecraft or during extra-vehicular activities, if effective shielding and medical countermeasure tactics were not provided. We also calculate possible even worse cases (double intensity, multiple occurrences in a short period of time, etc.) to estimate the severity, onset and duration of various types of early illness. Uncertainties in the calculation due to limited data on relative biological effectiveness and dose-rate modifying factors for protons and secondary radiation, and the identification of sensitive sites in critical organs are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Occasional periods of high energy particle flux from the sun, known as SPEs, can result in sufficiently high radiation doses to cause the symptoms of acute radiation sickness (ARS) in astronauts outside the protection of Earth's geomagnetic field, as well as threaten mission success [27].”
From Hindlimb suspension and spe-like radiation impairs clearance of bacterial infections (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Using the historical August 1972 SPE, the estimated doses that an astronaut could receive would be 3215 cGy to the skin and 138.4 cGy-equivalent (cGy-eq) to the blood forming organs during EVA [27].”
From Hindlimb suspension and spe-like radiation impairs clearance of bacterial infections (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“During extravehicular activities without this protection, an astronaut could receive 32 Gy of radiation to the skin and 2 Gy to the bone marrow during a strong SPE [27], [29].”
From Hindlimb suspension and spe-like radiation impairs clearance of bacterial infections (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
Citations
Cites
Cucinotta, F. A., & Durante, M. (2006) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(06)70695-7 · Cited by 695
Lethal and Potentially Lethal Lesions Induced by Radiation --- A Unified Repair Model
Curtis, S. B. (1986) · Radiation Research · doi:10.2307/3576798 · Cited by 491
Space Radiation and Cataracts in Astronauts
Cucinotta, F. A., Manuel, F. K., Jones, J., Iszard, G., Murrey, J., Djojonegro, B., & Wear, M. (2001) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/0033-7587(2001)156[0460:sracia]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 391
Self-citation(1991) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) · Cited by 384
Solar cosmic ray events for the period 1561–1994: 1. Identification in polar ice, 1561–1950
McCracken, K. G., Dreschhoff, G., Zeller, E. J., Smart, D. F., & Shea, M. A. (2001) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2000ja000237 · Cited by 196
Symptomatology of Acute Radiation Effects in Humans After Exposure to Doses of 0.5-30 Gy
Anno, G. H., Baum, S. J., Withers, H. R., & Young, R. W. (1989) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/00004032-198906000-00001 · Cited by 171
Shielding Strategies for Human Space Exploration
Wilson, J. W., Miller, J., Конради, А. О., & Cucinotta, F. A. (1997) · Cited by 164
DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS FOR ACUTE IONIZING-RADIATION LETHALITY
Anno, G. H., Young, R. W., Bloom, R. M., & Mercier, J. R. (2003) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/00004032-200305000-00001 · Cited by 148
Alexander, G. A., Swartz, H. M., Amundson, S. A., Blakely, W. F., Buddemeier, B., Gallez, B., Dainiak, N., Goans, R. E., Hayes, R. B., Lowry, P. C., et al. (2007) · Radiation Measurements · doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2007.05.035 · Cited by 136
Issues in Space Radiation Protection
Wilson, J. W., Kim, M. Y., Schimmerling, W., Badavi, F. F., Thibeault, S. A., Cucinotta, F. A., Shinn, L. J., & Kiefer, R. L. (1995) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/00004032-199501000-00006 · Cited by 119
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Physical basis of radiation protection in space travel
Durante, M., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2011) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.83.1245 · Cited by 528
Self-citationBlue, R. S., Chancellor, J. C., Antonsen, E., Bayuse, T., Daniels, V., & Wotring, V. E. (2019) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-019-0076-1 · Cited by 272
Biological effects of space radiation and development of effective countermeasures
Kennedy, A. R. (2014) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2014.02.004 · Cited by 188
Limitations in predicting the space radiation health risk for exploration astronauts
Chancellor, J. C., Blue, R. S., Cengel, K. A., Auñón-Chancellor, S. M., Rubins, K. H., Katzgraber, H. G., & Kennedy, A. R. (2018) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-018-0043-2 · Cited by 183
“The fluence and occurrence of SPEs is unpredictable, but dose-rates as high as 1400–2837 mGy/hour are possible.(1,8,23) As discussed above, even if shielding in spacecraft effectively reduces radiation dose to the crew from SPEs, spallation occurring as GCR particles collide with shielding materials may lead to biolog…”
BackgroundInfluentialLimitations in predicting the space radiation health risk for exploration astronauts
Chancellor, J. C., Blue, R. S., Cengel, K. A., Auñón-Chancellor, S. M., Rubins, K., Katzgraber, H. G., & Kennedy, A. R. (2018) · Civil War Book Review · Cited by 174
Space radiation risk limits and Earth-Moon-Mars environmental models
Cucinotta, F. A., Hu, S., Schwadron, N. A., Kozarev, K. A., Townsend, L. W., & Kim, M. Y. (2010) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2010sw000572 · Cited by 125
Self-citationReview of NASA Approach to Space Radiation Risk Assessments for Mars Exploration
Cucinotta, F. A. (2014) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/hp.0000000000000255 · Cited by 124
Space-type radiation induces multimodal responses in the mouse gut microbiome and metabolome
Casero, D., Gill, K., Sridharan, V., Koturbash, I., Nelson, G. A., Hauer‐Jensen, M., Boerma, M., Braun, J. G., & Cheema, A. K. (2017) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0325-z · Cited by 99
Wide range applications of spirulina: from earth to space missions
Fais, G., Manca, A., Bolognesi, F., Borselli, M., Concas, A., Busutti, M., Broggi, G., Sanna, P., Castillo-Aleman, Y. M., Rivero-Jiménez, R. A., et al. (2022) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md20050299 · Cited by 98
Platelets in Wound Healing: What Happens in Space?
Locatelli, L., Colciago, A., Castiglioni, S., & Maier, J. A. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2021.716184 · Cited by 86
“A SPE is an intense release of ionizing radiation, specifically low energy protons, which occurs in specific regions of the Sun.”
BackgroundInfluentialGuo, J., Zeitlin, C., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F., Hassler, D. M., Ehresmann, B., Rafkin, S., Freiherr von Forstner, J. L., Khaksarighiri, S., Liu, W., & Wang, Y. (2021) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-021-00136-5 · Cited by 73
Analysis of white blood cell counts in mice after gamma- or proton-radiation exposure
Maks, C. J., Wan, X. S., Ware, J. H., Romero-Weaver, A. L., Sanzari, J. K., Wilson, J. M., Rightnar, S., Wroe, A. J., Koss, P., Gridley, D. S., et al. (2011) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr2413.1 · Cited by 65
“Not only is the timing of an event unpredictable, but the spectrum of proton energies differs from one event to the next, making the dose distribution delivered to the tissue very difficult to determine (2).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZhou, Y., Ni, H., Li, M., Sanzari, J. K., Diffenderfer, E. S., Lin, L., Kennedy, A. R., & Weissman, D. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044329 · Cited by 60
“Astronauts could receive up to 2 Gy of radiation to the bone marrow [31] and up to ,32 Gy to the skin [32] during a strong SPE.”
BackgroundThe Effects of Gamma and Proton Radiation Exposure on Hematopoietic Cell Counts in the Ferret Model
Sanzari, J. K., Wan, X. S., Krigsfeld, G. S., Wroe, A. J., Gridley, D. S., & Kennedy, A. R. (2013) · Gravitational and Space Research · doi:10.2478/gsr-2013-0007 · Cited by 54
“46 Gy dose (in a spacecraft) to the blood forming organs to astronauts (Hu et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBeating 1 Sievert: Optimal Radiation Shielding of Astronauts on a Mission to Mars
Dobynde, M. I., Shprits, Y., Drozdov, A. Y., Hoffman, J. A., & Li, J. (2021) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2021sw002749 · Cited by 54
“It has been shown (Hu et al., 2009) that no single event would lead to acute radiation death if the aluminum spacecraft shielding exceeds 5 2 g cm .”
BackgroundNúñez, M. (2015) · Space Weather · doi:10.1002/2015sw001256 · Cited by 48
“, during extravehicular activities), severe acute effects that are possibly mission-threatening may occur [Hu et al., 2009].”
BackgroundSchwadron, N. A., Rahmanifard, F., Wilson, J., Jordan, A. P., Spence, H. E., Joyce, C. J., Blake, J. B., Case, A. W., de Wet, W., Farrell, W. M., et al. (2018) · Space Weather · doi:10.1002/2017sw001803 · Cited by 53
“90 cGy/h (Hu et al., 2009), more than a decade larger than observed in the September 2017 event.”
BackgroundSanzari, J. K., Romero-Weaver, A. L., James, G., Krigsfeld, G., Lin, L., Diffenderfer, E. S., & Kennedy, A. R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071757 · Cited by 47
“Conclusion Thus far, astronauts have not been exposed to the high doses of radiation that can be received by exposure to SPE radiation [47], but exposure to SPE radiation will be considerably more likely for astronauts during the exploration class missions (with the necessary extended times in space travel) planned by…”
BackgroundNovel Indications for Commonly Used Medications as Radiation Protectants in Spaceflight
McLaughlin, M. F., Donoviel, D. B., & Jones, J. A. (2017) · Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance · doi:10.3357/amhp.4735.2017 · Cited by 47
Probabilistic assessment of radiation risk for astronauts in space missions
Kim, M. Y., Angelis, G. D., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2010) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.08.035 · Cited by 45
“Although the risk of early effects may be small due to the reduction of dose-rates behind shielding (Hu et al. 2009), there remains a significant cancer risk for some events (Cucinotta 1999; Cucinotta and Durante 2006; Durante and Cucinotta 2008).”
InfluentialHindlimb suspension and spe-like radiation impairs clearance of bacterial infections
Li, M., Holmes, V., Zhou, Y., Ni, H., Sanzari, J. K., Kennedy, A. R., & Weissman, D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085665 · Cited by 43
“4 cGy-equivalent (cGy-eq) to the blood forming organs during EVA [27].”
BackgroundInfluentialFundamental Science and Engineering Questions in Planetary Cave Exploration
Wynne, J. J., Titus, T. N., Agha–mohammadi, A., Azúa-Bustos, A., Boston, P. J., de León, P., Demirel‐Floyd, C., Waele, J. D., Jones, H., Malaska, M. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2022je007194 · Cited by 41
Dietary Supplements Reduce the Cataractogenic Potential of Proton and HZE-Particle Radiation in Mice
Davis, J. G., Wan, X. S., Ware, J. H., & Kennedy, A. R. (2010) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr1398.1 · Cited by 39
Hu, S., Blakely, W. F., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2015) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/hp.0000000000000295 · Cited by 39
“Calculations based on actual solar particle observation indicate that some large historical SPEs may have induced moderate acute radiation sickness (ARS) in astronauts beyond low earth orbit (Hu et al. 2009).”
InfluentialSelf-citationAminalragia‐Giamini, S., Raptis, S., Anastasiadis, A., Tsigkanos, A., Sandberg, I., Papaioannou, A., Papadimitriou, C., Jiggens, P. T. A., Aran, A., & Daglis, I. A. (2021) · Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate · doi:10.1051/swsc/2021043 · Cited by 38
Acute hematological effects of solar particle event proton radiation in the porcine model
Sanzari, J. K., Wan, X. S., Wroe, A. J., Rightnar, S., Cengel, K. A., Diffenderfer, E. S., Krigsfeld, G. S., Gridley, D. S., & Kennedy, A. R. (2013) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr3027.1 · Cited by 37
“Normally, large SPEs occur only once or twice in a solar cycle; however, during the 22nd solar cycle, four comparable extremely large SPEs occurred in a 4 month period.”
MethodInfluentialSasi, S. P., Yan, X., Zuriaga-Herrero, M., Gee, H., Lee, J., Mehrzad, R., Song, J., Onufrak, J., Morgan, J., Enderling, H., et al. (2017) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr14667.1 · Cited by 32
Sanzari, J. K., Cengel, K. A., Wan, X. S., Rusek, A., & Kennedy, A. R. (2014) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2014.01.003 · Cited by 33
“If astronauts had been exposed to radiation from this SPE during extravehicular activity, the estimated total dose to the blood forming organs from this particular SPE would have been up to 1.38 Gy-Eq (Hu et al. , 2009).”
InfluentialEffect of Gender on the Radiation Sensitivity of Murine Blood Cells
Billings, P. C., Romero-Weaver, A. L., & Kennedy, A. R. (2014) · Gravitational and Space Research · doi:10.2478/gsr-2014-0002 · Cited by 33
“38 Gy to skin and BFO, respectively, during extra-vehicular activity (EVA) (Hu et al., 2009).”
BackgroundTseng, B. P., Lan, M. L., Tran, K. K., Acharya, M. M., Giedzinski, E., & Limoli, C. L. (2013) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.008 · Cited by 31
“Thus, the reality of the space radiation environment suggests the need to focus studies at lower total doses and dose rates, in efforts to provide more meaningful information relevant to risk estimates [4,5].”
BackgroundGridley, D. S., Freeman, T. L., Makinde, A. Y., Wroe, A. J., Luo‐Owen, X., Tian, J., Mao, X. W., Rightnar, S., Kennedy, A. R., Slater, J. M., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.3109/09553002.2011.624393 · Cited by 30
Rithidech, K. N., Reungpatthanaphong, P., Honikel, L., Rusek, A., & Simon, S. R. (2010) · Radiation and Environmental Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s00411-010-0295-z · Cited by 30
Almeida-Porada, G. D., Rodman, C., Kuhlman, B. M., Brudvik, E., Moon, J. H., George, S. K., Guida, P. M., Sajuthi, S. P., Langefeld, C. D., Walker, S. J., et al. (2018) · Stem Cells and Development · doi:10.1089/scd.2018.0005 · Cited by 30
“A proton dose of 100 cGy was chosen as a potential dose to the hematopoietic blood-forming organs of astronauts during an intense solar particle event such as the August 1972 or October 1989 events [72,73].”
Carnell, L. S. (2021) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.1080/09553002.2020.1820603 · Cited by 29
Cengel, K. A., Diffenderfer, E. S., Avery, S., Kennedy, A. R., & McDonough, J. E. (2010) · Radiation and Environmental Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s00411-010-0315-z · Cited by 29
“However, the proton absorbed dose distribution for an SPE in astronauts gives a high superficial absorbed dose and significantly lower internal organ absorbed dose (Hu et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMertens, C. J., Slaba, T. C., & Hu, S. (2018) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2018sw001971 · Cited by 28
Self-citationHu, S., Smirnova, O. A., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2012) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/hp.0b013e318240593d · Cited by 27
“The manifestation of these syndromes reflects the response of physiological processes at various levels coping with the effects of radiation impairment (Hu et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWaisberg, E., Ong, J., Paladugu, P., Kamran, S. A., Zaman, N., Tavakkoli, A., & Lee, A. G. (2023) · European Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1177/11206721231221584 · Cited by 28
Hu, S., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2011) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/hp.0b013e31820dba65 · Cited by 28
Self-citationKrigsfeld, G. S., Savage, A. R., Billings, P. C., Lin, L., & Kennedy, A. R. (2014) · International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics · doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.12.001 · Cited by 27
“Of particular concern is exposure to ionizing radiation from a solar particle event (SPE), in which magnetic disturbances in specific regions of the sun result in the release of intense bursts of ionizing radiation, consisting primarily of protons, which could cause severe adverse health effects (3).”
Mertens, C. J., & Slaba, T. C. (2019) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2019sw002363 · Cited by 26
“As a result, NASA's radiation protection approaches against SEP exposure will require effective in-flight shielding strategies combined with real-time, operational radiation environment monitoring and risk analysis tools (Cucinotta et al., 2010; Hu et al., 2009).”
BackgroundKrigsfeld, G. S., Sanzari, J. K., & Kennedy, A. R. (2012) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.3109/09553002.2012.652727 · Cited by 26
“Th e estimated dose from the 1972 SPE to BFO inside a spacecraft is (approximately) 46 cGy, nearly twice the lowest dose used in these experiments; during an EVA, the dose to BFO is expected to be approximately 138 cGy (Hu et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodWilson, J. M., Sanzari, J. K., Diffenderfer, E. S., Yee, S. S., Seykora, J. T., Maks, C., Ware, J. H., Litt, H. I., Reetz, J. A., McDonough, J., et al. (2011) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr2541.1 · Cited by 24
“This unique energy profile is predicted to produce a highly inhomogeneous dose distribution (with skin receiving a greater dose than internal organs) for which the dose– toxicity relationship is incompletely understood (1, 2).”
BackgroundSouth Pole neutron monitor forecasting of solar proton radiation intensity
Oh, S. Y., Bieber, J. W., Clem, J., Evenson, P. A., Pyle, R., Yi, Y., & Kim, Y. K. (2012) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2012sw000795 · Cited by 24
“In interplanetary space, an unprepared astronaut could suffer severe injury from radiation exposure during a major solar particle event [Hu et al., 2009].”
BackgroundVery high energy proton peak flux model
Raukunen, O., Paassilta, M., Vainio, R., Rodriguez, J. V., Eronen, T., Crosby, N. B., Dierckxsens, M., Jiggens, P. T. A., Heynderickx, D., & Sandberg, I. (2020) · Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate · doi:10.1051/swsc/2020024 · Cited by 21
Evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation in a porcine model following radiation exposure
Krigsfeld, G. S., Shah, J., Sanzari, J. K., Lin, L., & Kennedy, A. R. (2014) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2014.07.001 · Cited by 21
“Several well-known non-terrestrial sources of radiation originate in the space environment, including solar particle event (SPE) radiation (7) and galactic cosmic radiation (8), which are of particular concern for astronaut health.”
BackgroundMechanism of hypocoagulability in proton-irradiated ferrets
Krigsfeld, G. S., Savage, A. R., Sanzari, J. K., Wroe, A. J., Gridley, D. S., & Kennedy, A. R. (2013) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.3109/09553002.2013.802394 · Cited by 20
“As described in the Introduction, a dose of 1.38 Gy has been estimated by Hu et al. (2009) as the dose that astronauts could have received to the BFO from EVA during that SPE.”
InfluentialKubo, Y., Kataoka, R., & Sato, T. (2015) · Earth Planets and Space · doi:10.1186/s40623-015-0260-9 · Cited by 19
“Such sudden increases in SEP intensity present a major radiation hazard to astronauts, adversely affecting the success of space missions [Hu et al., 2009].”
BackgroundNi, H., Balint, K., Zhou, Y., Gridley, D. S., Maks, C., Kennedy, A. R., & Weissman, D. (2011) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr2373.1 · Cited by 20
“An astronaut exposed to an SPE could receive over 25 Gy of radiation to the skin (23).”
BackgroundIssues and challenges of space radiation risk assessment in manned deep space exploration missions
Zhao, L., Mi, D., & Sun, Y. (2018) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/n972018-00071 · Cited by 18
Ionizing Radiation Selectively Reduces Skin Regulatory T Cells and Alters Immune Function
Zhou, Y., Ni, H., Balint, K., Sanzari, J. K., Dentchev, T., Diffenderfer, E. S., Wilson, J. M., Cengel, K. A., & Weissman, D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100800 · Cited by 16
“It is calculated that an astronaut could receive up to 32 Gy of radiation to the skin and 2 Gy to the bone marrow during a strong SPE, if exposure occurs during extravehicular activity (EVA) [4,5].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSanzari, J. K., Wan, S., Diffenderfer, E. S., Cengel, K. A., & Kennedy, A. R. (2013) · Journal of Radiation Research · doi:10.1093/jrr/rrt108 · Cited by 16
“Due to the inhomogeneous dose distribution of SPE radiation, with most of the protons in SPE radiation having energies ≤ 50 MeV, SPE radiation is expected to give a high superficial absorbed dose to the skin and significantly lower absorbed doses to internal organs [5], whereas X-rays and γ-rays are expected to result…”
BackgroundLi, M., Holmes, V. M., Ni, H., Sanzari, J. K., Romero-Weaver, A. L., Lin, L., Cárabe, A., Diffenderfer, E. S., Kennedy, A. R., & Weissman, D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120126 · Cited by 15
“An astronaut can receive up to 2 Gy of proton radiation to the bone marrow during a strong SPE while on an extravehicular excursion [38,39], which is a dose that has been shown to suppress the bone marrow and alter immune function [40–42].”
BackgroundUpadhyay, M., Rajagopal, M. U., Gill, K., Li, Y., Bansal, S., Sridharan, V., Tyburski, J. B., Boerma, M., & Cheema, A. K. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10060252 · Cited by 15
BS, J. B. T. E. A. (2013) · Journal of Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.4172/2161-105x.1000158 · Cited by 15
“astronauts are exposed to challenges that may pose potential health risks [1-4].”
BackgroundAcute radiation risk assessment and mitigation strategies in near future exploration spaceflights
Hu, S., Barzilla, J., & Semones, E. (2019) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2019.10.006 · Cited by 15
Self-citationCross Calibration of the GPS Constellation CXD Proton Data With GOES EPS
Carver, M. R., Sullivan, J. P., Morley, S. K., & Rodriguez, J. V. (2018) · Space Weather · doi:10.1002/2017sw001750 · Cited by 14
“Additionally, resources in orbit face increased risk due to these energetic particle fluxes (Baker, 2000; Hu et al., 2009).”
Pietrofesa, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.4172/2161-105x.1000215 · Cited by 14
“Extravehicular activities (EVAs) for assembly and maintenance activities at the International Space Station (ISS) [1], or EVAs during interplanetary missions expose astronauts to challenges that may pose potential health risks [2-5].”
BackgroundPietrofesa, R., Velalopoulou, A., Lehman, S., Arguiri, E., Solomides, P., Koch, C., Mishra, O., Koumenis, C., Goodwin, T., & Christofidou-Solomidou, M. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17060953 · Cited by 13
Pharmacogenomics in Spaceflight
Schmidt, M. A., Schmidt, C. M., & Goodwin, T. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05526-4_26 · Cited by 13
Regolith-based lunar habitat for astronaut radiation protection and organ dose assessment
Blunier, S., Athanasopoulos, D., Dittmar, C., Thoresen, F., Cowley, A., & Fogtman, A. (2025) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2025.106116 · Cited by 14
Analyses of the Secondary Particle Radiation and the DNA Damage It Causes to Human Keratinocytes
Lebel, E. A., Rusek, A., Sivertz, M., Yip, K., Thompson, K. H., & Tafrov, S. T. (2011) · Journal of Radiation Research · doi:10.1269/jrr.11015 · Cited by 12
Dermatopathology effects of simulated solar particle event radiation exposure in the porcine model
Sanzari, J. K., Diffenderfer, E. S., Hagan, S., Billings, P. C., Gridley, D. S., Seykora, J. T., Kennedy, A. R., & Cengel, K. A. (2015) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2015.06.003 · Cited by 12
“Based on SPE events taking place in 1972 and 1989, skin doses to astronauts conducting EVAs were predicted to range from 7-32 Gy [2].”
BackgroundSpace Radiation Effects on Crew During and After Deep Space Missions
Straume, T. (2018) · Current Pathobiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40139-018-0175-9 · Cited by 11
Linking Doses with Clinical Scores of Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome
Hu, S. (2016) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/hp.0000000000000529 · Cited by 11
Self-citationRühle, A., Ping, D., Perez, R. L., Strack, M., Brons, S., Qin, Y., Debus, J., Wuchter, P., Grosu, A., Huber, P. E., et al. (2021) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.015 · Cited by 10
Hellweg, C. E., Arena, C., Baatout, S., Baselet, B., Beblo‐Vranesevic, K., Caplin, N., Coos, R., Pieve, F. D., Micco, V. D., Foray, N., et al. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-18810-7_10 · Cited by 11
Kim, M. Y., Hu, S., Nounu, H. N., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2010) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) · Cited by 10
Self-citationHu, S., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2010) · Radiation Protection Dosimetry · doi:10.1093/rpd/ncq520 · Cited by 10
Self-citationWhat can space radiation protection learn from radiation oncology?
Tinganelli, W., Luoni, F., & Durante, M. (2021) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2021.06.002 · Cited by 10
Environmental Radiation Effects on Mammals
Smirnova, O. A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45761-1 · Cited by 9
An easy-to-use function to assess deep space radiation in human brains
Khaksarighiri, S., Guo, J., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R., & Narici, L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90695-5 · Cited by 8
Ramsar, Iran, as a Natural Radiobiological Surrogate for Mars
Welsh, J. S., Bevelacqua, J. J., & Mortazavi, S. M. J. (2022) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/hp.0000000000001521 · Cited by 10
Pagliarello, R., Bennici, E., Sarcina, I. D., Villani, M. E., Desiderio, A., Nardi, L., Benvenuto, E., Cemmi, A., & Massa, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1266199 · Cited by 8
Space radiation electrostatic shielding scaling laws: Beam-like and isotropic angular distributions
Chowdhury, R. P., Stegeman, L., Padilla, R. F. S., Lund, M., Madzunkov, S. M., Fry, D. J., & Bahadori, A. A. (2021) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0046599 · Cited by 7
Increased intracranial pressure in mini-pigs exposed to simulated solar particle event radiation
Sanzari, J. K., Muehlmatt, A., Savage, A. R., Lin, L., & Kennedy, A. R. (2013) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.10.006 · Cited by 7
“The dose distribution of SPE radiation is inhomogenous, with a larger superficial absorbed dose and a lower absorbed dose to internal organs [6].”
BackgroundSanzari, J. K., Wan, X. S., Muehlmatt, A., Lin, L., & Kennedy, A. R. (2014) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2014.12.002 · Cited by 7
How “Rad” Is a Trip to Space? A Brief Discussion of Radiation Exposure in Suborbital Space Tourism
Lerner, D. J., & Gorog, J. M. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2020.06.020 · Cited by 7
Dissmore, T., DeMarco, A. G., Jayatilake, M. M., Girgis, M. J., Bansal, S., Li, Y., Mehta, K. Y., Sridharan, V., Gill, K., Bansal, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C · doi:10.1080/26896583.2020.1865027 · Cited by 7
“3 mGy/day.(5,6) Despite intensive research, knowledge of the risks associated with extended exposure to space radiation is still limited and presents a great scope for further studies.”
BackgroundSegmental interpolating spectra for solar particle events and in situ validation
Hu, S., Zeitlin, C. J., Atwell, W., Fry, D. J., Barzilla, J., & Semones, E. (2016) · Space Weather · doi:10.1002/2016sw001476 · Cited by 6
Self-citationSmirnova, O. A., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2017) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2017.12.002 · Cited by 6
Time variations in Galactic cosmic rays as measured from Southeast Asia
Ruffolo, D. (2020) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1572/1/012087 · Cited by 5
Cancer and circulatory disease risks for the largest solar particle events in the space age
Cucinotta, F. A., & Pak, S. (2023) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2023.10.003 · Cited by 5
Space Pharmacology: How Space Affects Pharmacology
Wotring, V. E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56637-5_68-1 · Cited by 5
A novel, population-based approach to astronaut radiation risk assessment
Chowdhury, R. P., Stoffle, N., Rios, R. R., Stegeman, L., & Bahadori, A. A. (2020) · Radiation Physics and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108736 · Cited by 6
ARRT Development for the Upcoming Human Exploration Missions
Hu, S., Monadjemi, S., Barzilla, J., & Semones, E. (2020) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2020sw002586 · Cited by 5
Self-citationProton-induced DNA damage promotes integration of foreign plasmid DNA into human genome
Katerji, M., Bertucci, A., Filippov, V. A., Vazquez, M. E., Chen, X., & Duerksen-Hughes, P. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.928545 · Cited by 4
Pharmacogenomics in Spaceflight
Schmidt, M. A., Schmidt, C. M., & Goodwin, T. J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50909-9_26-1 · Cited by 4
Combined effects of heavy ion exposure and simulated Lunar gravity on skeletal muscle
Wiggs, M. P., Lee, Y., Shimkus, K. L., O'Reilly, C. I., Lima, F., Macias, B. R., Shirazi‐Fard, Y., Greene, E. S., Hord, J. M., Braby, L. A., et al. (2023) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2023.02.003 · Cited by 4
Kim, M. Y., Blattnig, S. R., Clowdsley, M. C., & Norman, R. B. (2017) · Space Weather · doi:10.1002/2016sw001552 · Cited by 4
Real-time dose prediction for Artemis missions
Hu, S., Barzilla, J., Núñez, M., & Semones, E. (2024) · Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate · doi:10.1051/swsc/2024037 · Cited by 3
“The estimated organ doses at the crew locations are utilized as inputs to a set of biological response models, which predict clinically critical syndromes associated with ARS and quantify Radiation‐Induced Performance Decrement (RIPD; Hu et al., 2009, 2012; Hu & Cucinotta, 2011).”
Self-citationChristofidou‐Solomidou, M., Sielecki, T. M., & Chatterjee, S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816196-8.00024-2 · Cited by 2
Acute Risks of Space Radiation
Mao, X. W., Pecaut, M. J., & Gridley, D. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12191-8_27 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Space Radiation on Brains of Future Martian and Lunar Explorers
Li, Y., Guo, J., Khaksarighiri, S., Dobynde, M. I., Zhang, J., Liu, B., & Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F. (2023) · Space Weather · doi:10.1029/2023sw003470 · Cited by 2
The sequence preference of gamma radiation mutagenesis using a novel in vitro model
Ren, H., Yang, G. H., Liu, L., Jin, C., Chen, S., Ai, F., Chen, Y., Zhao, M., Shakir, Y., Zhao, S., et al. (2021) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.12.057 · Cited by 2
The Use of Pro/Engineer CAD Software and Fishbowl Tool Kit in Ray-tracing Analysis
Nounu, H. N., Kim, M. Y., Ponomarev, A. L., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2009) · NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA) · Cited by 2
Radiation Dose Assessment by Using Lymphocyte Counts
Hu, S., Blakely, W. F., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2015) · NATO science for peace and security series. B, Physics and biophysics · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9891-4_24 · Cited by 2
Self-citationSpace Medicine: Inspiring a new generation of physicians
Mian, A., & Mian, M. A. (2022) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pmj-2022-141875 · Cited by 3
Acute Risks of Space Radiation
Mao, X. W., Pecaut, M. J., & Gridley, D. S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10152-1_27-1 · Cited by 2
Wałpuski, G., Rafalski, A., Galas, M., Szefliński, Z., & Zienkiewicz, M. (2025) · Environmental and Experimental Botany · doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106231 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Hu, S., Kim, M.-H. Y., McClellan, G. E., & Cucinotta, F. A.
- Affiliations
- Universities Space Research Association (US)
- Applied Research Associates (United States) (US)
- Johnson Space Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Shaowen
- Kim, Myung-Hee Y.
- Venue
- Health Physics
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 465-476
- ISSN
- 0017-9078 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2064540451
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Physics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) (submittedVersion)
- NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Radiation › Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Effects of Radiation Exposure
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Keywords
- solar energetic particle events, astronaut radiation exposure, acute radiation effects, spacecraft shielding, lunar and Mars missions, extravehicular activity, relative biological effectiveness, secondary radiation, protons
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Male, Radiation Dosage, Relative Biological Effectiveness, Occupational Exposure, Astronauts, Solar Activity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
