Cited by 561Human-Animal Interaction StudiesHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlCardiac Health and Mental Health

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Cardiovascular Reactivity and the Presence of Pets, Friends, and Spouses: The Truth About Cats and Dogs

Allen, K.·2002·Psychosomatic Medicine

DOI 10.1097/01.psy.0000024236.11538.41

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the presence of friends, spouses, and pets on cardiovascular reactivity to psychological and physical stress. METHODS: Cardiovascular reactivity was examined among 240 married couples, half of whom owned a pet. Mental arithmetic and cold pressor were performed in one of four randomly assigned social support conditions: alone, with pet or friend (friend present for non-pet owners), with spouse, with spouse and pet/friend. RESULTS: Relative to people without pets, people with pets had significantly lower heart rate and blood pressure levels during a resting baseline, significantly smaller increases (ie, reactivity) from baseline levels during the mental arithmetic and cold pressor, and faster recovery. Among pet owners, the lowest reactivity and quickest recovery was observed in the pet-present conditions. CONCLUSIONS: People perceive pets as important, supportive parts of their lives, and significant cardiovascular and behavioral benefits are associated with those perceptions.

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Authors: Allen, K.
Affiliations: University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
ORCID: Allen, K.
Venue: Psychosomatic Medicine
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2002-09-01
Volume: 64
Issue: 5
Pages: 727-739
ISSN: 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
1534-7796
DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000024236.11538.41
OpenAlex: W2006272416
Cited by: 561
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 4.76
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
Keywords: cardiovascular reactivity, pet ownership, cats, dogs, social support, spouses, friends, heart rate, blood pressure, stress response, stress recovery, mental arithmetic, cold pressor test, married couples
MeSH terms: Adult, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Animals, Animals, Domestic, Blood Pressure, Cats, Cognition, Dogs, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hypertension, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Marriage, Surveys and Questionnaires, Random Allocation, Severity of Illness Index, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Body Mass Index

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Cardiovascular Reactivity and the Presence of Pets, Friends, and Spouses: The Truth About Cats and Dogs

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