Self-soothing behaviors with particular reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory stimulation
Open accessAbstract
Oxytocin, a hypothalamic nonapeptide, is linked to increased levels of social interaction, well-being and anti-stress effects. The effects of oxytocin that is released by sensory stimulation during different kinds of interactive behaviors are often underestimated or even forgotten. In fact, many of the positive effects caused during interaction, such a wellbeing, stress reduction and even health promotion, are indeed linked to oxytocin released in response to activation of various types of sensory nerves. Oxytocin is released in response to activation of sensory nerves during labor, breastfeeding and sexual activity. In addition oxytocin is released in response to low intensity stimulation of the skin, e.g., in response to touch, stroking, warm temperature, etc. Consequently oxytocin is not only released during interaction between mothers and infants, but also during positive interaction between adults or between humans and animals. Finally oxytocin is also released in response to suckling and food intake. Oxytocin released in the brain in response to sensory stimulation as a consequence of these types of interactive behaviors, contributes to every day wellbeing and ability to handle stress. Food intake or sex may be used or even abused to achieve oxytocin-linked wellbeing and stress relief to compensate for lack of good relationships or when the levels of anxiety are high. The present review article will summarize the role played by oxytocin released by sensory (in particular somatosensory) stimulation, during various kinds of interactive behaviors. Also the fact that the anti-stress effects of oxytocin are particularly strong when oxytocin is released in response to "low intensity" stimulation of the skin will be highlighted.
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Together with caregiver warmth and odor, positive touch induces the release of oxytocin, which is particularly evident in both members of the mother-infant dyad immediately after birth.
“Together with caregiver warmth and odor, positive touch induces the release of oxytocin (Uvnäs-Moberg et al., 1987), which is particularly evident in both members of the mother-infant dyad immediately after birth (Uvnäs-Moberg et al., 2015; Moberg et al., 2020).”
From The evolved nest, oxytocin functioning, and prosocial development (2023) · cites this paper as Uvnäs-Moberg et al. (2015)
The section on skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth says that touch, warmth, and stroking induce maternal oxytocin release. It also says newborns produce oxytocin and have high levels directly after vaginal birth, but it does not establish that positive touch induces oxytocin release in the infant. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOxytocin increases activity in the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to increased heart rate variability and stimulation of digestive, anabolic, and restorative functions.
“In contrast, oxytocin increases the activity in the parasympathetic nervous system, which, e.g., leads to increased heart rate variability (HRV) and stimulation of digestive, anabolic, and restorative functions (Uvnäs-Moberg et al., 2015).”
From The Oxytocinergic System as a Mediator of Anti-stress and Instorative Effects Induced by Nature: The Calm and Connection Theory (2021) · cites this paper as Uvnäs-Moberg et al., 2015
The Effects of Oxytocin section (page unavailable) says oxytocin increases parasympathetic and gastrointestinal function. The Non-Noxious Sensory Stimulation section also links it to optimized metabolic functions and growth, and the Introduction describes restoration and healing. Our copy does not state that oxytocin increases heart rate variability; searches for “HRV” and “heart rate variability” found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOxytocin stimulates social interaction, facilitates bonding between individuals, exerts powerful anti-stress effects, and exerts restorative/healing functions, including stimulation of growth.
“It stimulates social interaction, facilitates bonding between individuals, exerts powerful anti-stress effects, and also exerts restorative/healing functions, including stimulation of growth (Uvnäs-Moberg et al., 2015).”
From The Oxytocinergic System as a Mediator of Anti-stress and Instorative Effects Induced by Nature: The Calm and Connection Theory (2021) · cites this paper as Uvnäs-Moberg et al., 2015
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Self-citationReport of altered urinary oxytocin and AVP excretion in neglected orphans should be reconsidered
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Prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide shares some effects with oxytocin but decreases oxytocin levels
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- Uvnäs-Moberg K. (2006). “The role of oxytocin in the development of attachment and maternal adaptations during the postpartum period,” in Proceedings of the Die Anfänge der Eltern-Kind-Bindung, ed. Brisch K. (Stuttgart: Klett Cotta Verlag).
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- Authors
- Uvnäs-Moberg, K., Handlin, L., & Petersson, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Skövde (SE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015-01-12
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 1529-1529
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4290532
- OpenAlex
- W1970572311
- Cited by
- 351
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 35.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University Library of Skövde (University of Skövde) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- oxytocin, somatosensory stimulation, cutaneous stimulation, stress reduction, well-being, social interaction, touch, warm temperature, dietary intake, sexual activity, mother-infant interaction, anti-stress effects
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