African Americans show alterations in endogenous pain regulatory mechanisms and reduced pain tolerance to experimental pain procedures
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To examine ethnic differences in pain sensitivity and relationship of pain tolerance to blood pressure and neuroendocrine factors. METHODS: Fifty-one African Americans (24 men, 27 women) and 55 people from other ethnic groups (primarily Caucasian; 26 men, 29 women) were tested twice for pain sensitivity to tourniquet ischemia, thermal heat, and cold pressor tests, once following mental stress and once following rest control. Resting and stress-induced blood pressure (BP), plasma norepinephrine (NE), and cortisol were assessed. RESULTS: In response to all three pain tests, African Americans had lower pain tolerance relative to Caucasian/Others after both rest and stress. Only the non-African American group showed the expected inverse relationship between BP and pain sensitivity. African Americans had lower cortisol concentrations at rest and stress and showed blunted NE and systolic BP responses to stress. Only in Caucasians/Others was the relationship seen between higher stress-induced BP, cortisol, and NE levels and greater pain tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that there are alterations in endogenous pain regulatory mechanisms involving BP, cortisol, and NE in African Americans. Such dysregulation may contribute to the greater rate of clinical pain symptoms they experience. It is hypothesized that greater chronic stress in African Americans may be a contributing factor to the alterations in pain regulation.
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Central sensitization involves an increase in dorsal horn neuronal membrane excitability ("wind up") that results in a decreased pain stimulation threshold.
“while central sensitization involves an increase in dorsal horn neuronal membrane excitability (“wind up”) that results in a decreased pain stimulation threshold.”
Sensitivity to cold pressor pain is mediated by noradrenergic mechanisms.
“Our prior work has shown that sensitivity to cold pressor pain is mediated by noradrenergic mechanisms,(81)”
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- Authors
- Mechlin, M. B., Maixner, W., Light, K. C., Fisher, J. M., & Girdler, S. S.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Girdler, Susan S.
- ORCID
- Girdler, Susan S.
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2005-11
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 948-956
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1973398014
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA13705, R01DA013705)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR00046, M01RR000046)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- African Americans, pain tolerance, pain sensitivity, ethnic differences, blood pressure, cortisol, norepinephrine, psychological stress, tourniquet ischemia, cold pressor test, thermal pain, chronic stress, neuroendocrine factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Black or African American, Blood Pressure, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Norepinephrine, Pain, Pain Measurement, Rest, Stress, Psychological, Pain Threshold, White People
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