The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Socioeconomic Status, Race, and Diurnal Cortisol Decline in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to assess whether socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with dysregulation of the cortisol diurnal rhythm and whether this association is independent of race and occurs equally in whites and blacks; and to determine if an association between SES and cortisol can be explained (is mediated) by behavioral, social, and emotional differences across the SES gradient. METHODS: Seven hundred eighty-one subjects from a multisite sample representing both whites and blacks provided six saliva cortisol samples over the course of the day: at awakening, 45 minutes, 2.5 hours, 8 hours, and 12 hours after awakening, and at bedtime. RESULTS: Both lower SES (education and income) and being black were associated with higher evening levels of cortisol. These relationships were independent of one another and SES associations with cortisol were similar across racial categories. The evidence was consistent with poorer health practices (primarily smoking), higher levels of depressive symptoms, poorer social networks and supports, and feelings of helplessness (low mastery) mediating the link between SES and cortisol. However, we found no evidence for psychosocial or behavioral mediation of the association between race and cortisol response. CONCLUSIONS: Lower SES was associated in a graded fashion with flatter diurnal rhythms as a result of less of a decline during the evening. This association occurred independent of race and the data were consistent with mediation by health practices, emotional and social factors. Blacks also showed a flatter rhythm at the end of the day. This association was independent of SES and could not be explained by behavioral, social, or emotional mediators.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136319 · Cited by 7,791
Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733
BERKMAN, L. F., & SYME, S. L. (1979) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112674 · Cited by 5,341
Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient
Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., & Syme, S. L. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.1.15 · Cited by 2,383
Self-citationSalivary Cortisol in Psychobiological Research: An Overview
Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000118611 · Cited by 1,532
Self-citationSleep Loss Results in an Elevation of Cortisol Levels the Next Evening
(1997) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.10.865 · Cited by 745
Job strain and anger expression predict early morning elevations in salivary cortisol
Steptoe, A., Cropley, M., Griffith, J., & Kirschbaum, C. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200003000-00022 · Cited by 365
Self-citation
Cited by
Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1232491 · Cited by 1,638
Assessing salivary cortisol in large-scale, epidemiological research
Adam, E. K., & Kumari, M. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.011 · Cited by 936
Adam, E. K., Quinn, M. E., Tavernier, R., McQuillan, M. T., Dahlke, K. A., & Gilbert, K. E. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.018 · Cited by 905
Day-to-day dynamics of experience–cortisol associations in a population-based sample of older adults
Adam, E. K., Hawkley, L. C., Kudielka, B. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605053103 · Cited by 782
How Experience Gets Under the Skin to Create Gradients in Developmental Health
Hertzman, C., & Boyce, T. (2010) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103538 · Cited by 757
Socioeconomic Status Is Associated With Stress Hormones
Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., & Baum, A. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000221236.37158.b9 · Cited by 639
Self-citationMore than skin deep: Stress neurobiology and mental health consequences of racial discrimination
Berger, M., & Sarnyai, Z. (2015) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2014.989204 · Cited by 606
What is in a name? Integrating homeostasis, allostasis and stress
McEwen, B. S., & Wingfield, J. C. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.011 · Cited by 592
Miller, G., Chen, E., & Cole, S. W. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163551 · Cited by 591
Socio‐economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load
Seeman, T., Epel, E., Gruenewald, T., Karlamangla, A., & McEwen, B. S. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05341.x · Cited by 579
Self-citationGeronimus, A. T., Hicken, M. T., Pearson, J. A., Seashols, S. J., Brown, K. L., & Cruz, T. D. (2010) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-010-9078-0 · Cited by 447
Cumulative risk, maternal responsiveness, and allostatic load among young adolescents.
Evans, G. W., Kim, P., Ting, A. H., Tesher, H. B., & Shannis, D. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.341 · Cited by 355
Loneliness and cortisol: Momentary, day-to-day, and trait associations
Doane, L. D., & Adam, E. K. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.005 · Cited by 342
“Dichotomous race dummy variables (Caucasian as the excluded group) were included as previous literature has demonstrated that African Americans have a flatter diurnal rhythm (flatter slopes from wake-up to bed time) (DeSantis et al., 2007; Cohen et al., 2006).”
Pruessner, M., Cullen, A. E., Aas, M., & Walker, E. F. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.013 · Cited by 315
Socio-economic status, cortisol and allostatic load: a review of the literature
Dowd, J. B., Simanek, A. M., & Aiello, A. E. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyp277 · Cited by 285
Diurnal cortisol decline is related to coronary calcification: CARDIA study
Matthews, K., Schwartz, J., Cohen, S., & Seeman, T. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000244071.42939.0e · Cited by 240
Self-citationPutting the concept of biological embedding in historical perspective
Hertzman, C. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1202203109 · Cited by 242
Davies, P. T., Sturge-Apple, M. L., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.918 · Cited by 171
The relationship between alcohol consumption and cortisol secretion in an aging cohort
Badrick, E., Bobak, M., Britton, A., Kirschbaum, C., Marmot, M., & Kumari, M. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0737 · Cited by 143
Self-citationLuijk, M. P. C. M., Saridjan, N., Tharner, A., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2010) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20446 · Cited by 135
Kumari, M., Badrick, E., Sacker, A., Kirschbaum, C., Marmot, M., & Chandola, T. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.01.010 · Cited by 92
Mediation Analysis in Psychosomatic Medicine Research
Lockhart, G., MacKinnon, D. P., & Ohlrich, V. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318200a54b · Cited by 87
D’Anna-Hernandez, K. L., Aleman, B., & Flores, A.-M. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.036 · Cited by 82
Chong, R. Y., Uhart, M., McCaul, M. E., Johnson, E., & Wand, G. S. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.10.014 · Cited by 62
Social Justice as a Public Health Imperative for Kānaka Maoli
Kaholokula, J. K., Nacapoy, A. H., & Dang, K. (2009) · AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples · doi:10.1177/117718010900500207 · Cited by 53
Aging, health behaviors, and the diurnal rhythm and awakening response of salivary cortisol
Heaney, J. L. J., Phillips, A. C., & Carroll, D. (2012) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2012.672134 · Cited by 50
Psychobiological influences on maternal sensitivity in the context of adversity
Finegood, E. D., The Family Life Project Key Investigators, Blair, C., Granger, D. A., Hibel, L. C., & Mills-Koonce, R. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000123 · Cited by 47
Social anxiety, cortisol, and early-stage friendship
Ketay, S., Welker, K. M., Beck, L. A., Thorson, K. R., & Slatcher, R. B. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407518774915 · Cited by 27
Diurnal cortisol rhythm and cognitive functioning in toddlers: the Generation R Study
Saridjan, N. S., Henrichs, J., Schenk, J. J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., Kirschbaum, C., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2014) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2013.763921 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Cohen, S., Schwartz, J. E., Epel, E., Kirschbaum, C., Sidney, S., & Seeman, T.
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-50
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2102132607
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 5.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
