Socioeconomic Status Is Associated With Stress Hormones
Open accessAbstract
Objective: We assess whether socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with basal levels of cortisol and catecholamines and determine if any association between SES and these hormones can be explained (is mediated) by behavioral, social, and emotional differences across the SES gradient. Methods: One hundred ninety-three adult subjects, including men and women and whites and African-Americans, provided 24-hour urine catecholamine samples on each of 2 days and seven saliva cortisol samples on each of 3 days beginning 1 hour after wakeup and ending 14 to 16 hours later. Values for both hormones were averaged across days to obtain basal levels. Results: Lower SES (income and education) was associated with higher levels of cortisol and epinephrine and marginally higher levels of norepinephrine. These associations were independent of race, age, gender, and body mass. Low SES was also associated with a greater likelihood of smoking, of not eating breakfast, and with less diverse social networks. Further analyses provided evidence consistent with the hypothesis that these behavioral and social variables mediate the link between SES and the three stress hormones. Conclusions: Lower SES was associated in a graded fashion with higher basal levels of cortisol and catecholamines. These associations occurred independent of race, and the data were consistent with mediation by health practices and social factors. AUC = area under the curve; BMI = body mass index; CARDIA = Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HPA = hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical axis; ISEL = Interpersonal Support Evaluation List; LET = Life Engagement Test; SES = socioeconomic status; SNS = sympathetic nervous system.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
At birth, placenta and cord blood from babies born to mothers of lower socioeconomic status exhibit a transcriptional profile of higher immune activation and delayed maturation, illustrating that the in utero response to stress results in molecular signaling changes.
“At birth, the placenta and cord blood from babies born to mothers of lower socioeconomic status, which has been associated with psychological stress, cortisol dysregulation, and poor environmental conditions, exhibit a transcriptional profile of higher immune activation and delayed maturation, illustrating that the in utero response to stress results in molecular signaling changes [114,115,116].”
From Stress and the HPA Axis: Balancing Homeostasis and Fertility. (2017) · cites this paper as [114]
Cites
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 · Cited by 35,234 · see citing works
Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136319 · Cited by 7,791 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The internal reliabilities were 0.80 for the ISEL, 0.72 for the Mastery Scale, and 0.73 for the LET.”
MethodInfluentialProtective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Overall, these data may be viewed as biological verification that increasing SES is associated with decreasing psychophysiologic distress (1,5).”
BackgroundSocioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient.
Adler, N. E., Boyce, W. T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., & Syme, S. L. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.49.1.15 · Cited by 3,182 · see citing works
Self-citationGill, J. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Social Measurement · doi:10.1016/b0-12-369398-5/00166-3 · Cited by 3,126 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient
Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., & Syme, S. L. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.1.15 · Cited by 2,383 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring the Functional Components of Social Support
Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985) · Social Support: Theory, Research and Applications · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5115-0_5 · Cited by 2,296 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Cold
Heeler, R. M. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550150035019 · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
(1995) · Cited by 1,270 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Ties and Susceptibility to the Common Cold
Cohen, S. (1997) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540480040036 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
Self-citationEvans, G. W., & English, K. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00469 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Strategies for Measuring Stress in Studies of Psychiatric and Physical Disorders
Cohen, S., Kessler, R. C., & Gordon, L. U. (1995) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195086416.003.0001 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists
Deary, I. J. (1996) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(96)00066-9 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Social Class, Life Expectancy and Overall Mortality
Antonovsky, A. (1967) · The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3348839 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Roberts, J. K. (2007) · The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology · doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosh029 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Measurement of physical activity to assess health effects in free-living populations
Paffenbarger, R. S., Blair, S. N., Lee, I.-M. M., & Hyde, R. T. (1993) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199301000-00010 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Chronic stress in elderly carers of dementia patients and antibody response to influenza vaccination
Vedhara, K., Cox, N. K., Wilcock, G. K., Perks, P., Hunt, M., Anderson, S., Lightman, S. L., & Shanks, N. M. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)06098-x · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Cohen, S., Schwartz, J. E., Epel, E. S., Kirschbaum, C., Sidney, S., & Seeman, T. E. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000195967.51768.ea · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Self-citationJob strain and anger expression predict early morning elevations in salivary cortisol
Steptoe, A., Cropley, M., Griffith, J., & Kirschbaum, C. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200003000-00022 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrial Nations: Social, Psychological and Biological Pathways
Adler, N. E., Marmot, M. G., McEwen, B. S., & Judith, S. (1999) · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Smoking, alcohol consumption, and susceptibility to the common cold.
Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., Russell, M. A., Jarvis, M. J., & Smith, A. P. (1993) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.83.9.1277 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Self-citationSocioeconomic Status and Stress-Related Biological Responses Over the Working Day
Steptoe, A., Kunz-Ebrecht, S., Owen, N., Feldman, P. J., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Kirschbaum, C., & Marmot, M. G. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000035717.78650.a1 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Pike, J. L., Smith, T. L., Hauger, R. L., Nicassio, P. M., Patterson, T. L., McClintick, J., Costlow, C., & Irwin, M. R. (1997) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199707000-00015 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Stress, Immune Function, and Health: The Connection
Rabin, B. S. (1999) · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Brandtstädter, J., Baltes-Götz, B., Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1991) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(91)90072-v · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Measurement of Stress Hormones
Baum, A. E., & Grunberg, N. E. (1995) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195086416.003.0008 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression as a Consequence of Inadequate Neurochemical Adaptation in Response to Stressors
Anisman, H., & Zacharko, R. M. (1992) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000296669 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Smyth, C. A. (2002) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/s0197-4572(02)70029-3 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Tacrine in Alzheimer's Disease
Eagger, S. A., Morant, N. J., Levy, R., & Sahakian, B. J. (1992) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.160.1.36 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Irwin, M. R., Hauger, R. L., Patterson, T. L., Semple, S. J., Ziegler, M. G., & Grant, I. (1997) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02883324 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Contextual variations in the meaning of health inequality
Illsley, R., & Baker, D. F. (1991) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90336-b · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Glucocorticoid metabolism and the Metabolic Syndrome: associations in an elderly cohort
Andrew, R., Galé, C. R., Walker, B. R., Seckl, J. R., & Martyn, C. N. (2002) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-2002-34591 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Social Support and Coronary Heart Disease Underlying Psychological and Biological Mechanisms
Cohen, S., Kaplan, J. R., & Manuck, S. B. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2572-5_9 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationSalivary Cortisol and Social Status among Dominican Men
Decker, S. A. (2000) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.2000.1597 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Weiss, T. (1979) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.136.10.1355 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Physiological Correlates of Coronary-Prone Behavior
Herd, J. A. (1978) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-86007-2_9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrial Nations: Social, Psychological and Biological Pathways
Dignan, M. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200103000-00024 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Assessment of hormones and drugs in saliva in biobehavioral research
Kirschbaum, C., & Trier, E. C. O. T. A. O. H. A. D. I. S. 1. (1992) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 39 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Socioeconomic status and the developing brain
Hackman, D. A., & Farah, M. J. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.003 · Cited by 1,556 · see citing works
Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1232491 · Cited by 1,638 · see citing works
Schetter, C. D. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130727 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Aging and Cumulative Inequality: How Does Inequality Get Under the Skin?
Ferraro, K. F., & Shippee, T. P. (2009) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnp034 · Cited by 998 · see citing works
Psychological Perspectives on Pathways Linking Socioeconomic Status and Physical Health
Matthews, K., & Gallo, L. C. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130711 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Priceless: The Nonpecuniary Benefits of Schooling
Oreopoulos, P., & Salvanes, K. G. (2011) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.25.1.159 · Cited by 963 · see citing works
Tomiyama, A. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Coping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes: A meta-analytic review.
Cheng, C., Lau, H.-P. B., & Chan, M.-P. S. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037913 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
How Experience Gets Under the Skin to Create Gradients in Developmental Health
Hertzman, C., & Boyce, T. (2010) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103538 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Miller, G., Chen, E., & Cole, S. W. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163551 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Powell, N. D., Sloan, E. K., Bailey, M. T., Arevalo, J. M. G., Miller, G. E., Chen, E., Kobor, M. S., Reader, B. F., Sheridan, J. F., & Cole, S. W. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1310655110 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Socio‐economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load
Seeman, T., Epel, E., Gruenewald, T., Karlamangla, A., & McEwen, B. S. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05341.x · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Bennett, J. M., Reeves, G., Billman, G. E., & Sturmberg, J. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00316 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status and Health: Mediating and Moderating Factors
Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185634 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
History of socioeconomic disadvantage and allostatic load in later life
Gruenewald, T. L., Karlamangla, A. S., Hu, P., Merkin, S. S., Crandall, C. J., Koretz, B. K., & Seeman, T. E. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.037 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Socio-economic status, cortisol and allostatic load: a review of the literature
Dowd, J. B., Simanek, A. M., & Aiello, A. E. (2009) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyp277 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Resilience in the Context of Chronic Stress and Health in Adults
Schetter, C. D., & Dolbier, C. L. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00379.x · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Stress and the HPA Axis: Balancing Homeostasis and Fertility.
Joseph, D., & Whirledge, S. (2017) · International journal of molecular sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18102224 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Family Ruptures, Stress, and the Mental Health of the Next Generation
Persson, P., & Rossin‐Slater, M. (2018) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20141406 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Associations between children's socioeconomic status and prefrontal cortical thickness
Lawson, G. M., Duda, J., Avants, B., Wu, J., & Farah, M. J. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12096 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Computational identification of gene–social environment interaction at the human <i>IL6</i> locus
Cole, S. W., Arevalo, J. M. G., Takahashi, R., Sloan, E. K., Lutgendorf, S. K., Sood, A. K., Sheridan, J. F., & Seeman, T. E. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0911515107 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Hostinar, C. E., Johnson, A. E., & Gunnar, M. R. (2015) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12195 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Putting the concept of biological embedding in historical perspective
Hertzman, C. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1202203109 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Social Position, Psychological Stress, and Obesity: A Systematic Review
Moore, C. J., & Cunningham, S. A. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2011.12.001 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Frontiers in the Use of Biomarkers of Health in Research on Stress and Aging
Piazza, J. A., Almeida, D. M., Dmitrieva, N., & Klein, L. C. (2010) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbq049 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Perigenual anterior cingulate morphology covaries with perceived social standing
Gianaros, P. J., Horenstein, J. A., Cohen, S., Matthews, K. A., Brown, S. M., Flory, J. D., Critchley, H. D., Manuck, S. B., & Hariri, A. R. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm013 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Affirmation Reduces Delay Discounting of the Financially Deprived
Moeini-Jazani, M., Albalooshi, S., & Seljeseth, I. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01729 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Exposure to unpredictable maternal sensory signals influences cognitive development across species
Davis, E. P., Stout, S. A., Molet, J., Vegetabile, B., Glynn, L. M., Sandman, C. A., Heins, K., Stern, H. S., & Baram, T. Z. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1703444114 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Sanders‐Phillips, K., Settles-Reaves, B., Walker, D., & Brownlow, J. A. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1100e · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Maternal Cortisol Levels and Behavior Problems in Adolescents and Adults with ASD
Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Hong, J., DaWalt, L. S., Almeida, D. M., Coe, C. L., & Stawski, R. S. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0887-0 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
How Low Socioeconomic Status Affects 2-Year Hormonal Trajectories in Children
Chen, E., Cohen, S., & Miller, G. E. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797609355566 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationVreeburg, S. A., Kruijtzer, B. P., van Pelt, J., van Dyck, R., DeRijk, R. H., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., Smit, J. H., Zitman, F. G., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.04.024 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Poverty-alleviation program participation and salivary cortisol in very low-income children
Fernald, L. C. H., & Gunnar, M. R. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.032 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Chronic stress, salivary cortisol, and α-amylase in children with asthma and healthy children
Wolf, J. M., Nicholls, E. F., & Chen, E. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.12.004 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Hajat, A., Roux, A. V. D., Franklin, T. G., Seeman, T. E., Shrager, S., Ranjit, N., Castro‐Diehl, C., Watson, K. E., Sánchez, B. N., & Kirschbaum, C. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.12.009 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Haushofer, J., & Shapiro, J. (2013) · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Letters of Gratitude: Further Evidence for Author Benefits
Toepfer, S. M., Cichy, K. E., & Peters, P. (2011) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-011-9257-7 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Institutional racism, neighborhood factors, stress, and preterm birth
Méndez, D. D., Hogan, V. K., & Culhane, J. F. (2013) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2013.846300 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Neurobiology of resilience in depression: immune and vascular insights from human and animal studies
Dudek, K., Dion‐Albert, L., Kaufmann, F. N., Tuck, E., Lebel, M., & Ménard, C. (2019) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14547 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Boyce, W. T., Besten, P. K. D., Stamperdahl, J., Zhan, L., Jiang, Y., Adler, N. E., & Featherstone, J. D. B. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.045 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Examining Social Class and Work Meaning Within the Psychology of Working Framework
Allan, B. A., Autin, K. L., & Duffy, R. D. (2013) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072713514811 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Jaremka, L. M., Lindgren, M. E., & Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22078 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Karb, R. A., Elliott, M. R., Dowd, J. B., & Morenoff, J. D. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.03.031 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
González, A., Jenkins, J. M., Steiner, M. S., & Fleming, A. S. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.012 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Framing the biosocial pathways underlying associations between place and cardiometabolic disease
Daniel, M., Moore, S., & Kestens, Y. (2007) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.05.003 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Suglia, S. F., STAUDENMAYER, J. W., Cohen, S., Enlow, M. B., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Wright, R. J. (2010) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0018953 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationShin, S., Bai, L., Oiamo, T. H., Burnett, R. T., Weichenthal, S., Jerrett, M., Kwong, J. C., Goldberg, M. S., Copes, R., Kopp, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.013021 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
‘Multimorbidity’ as the manifestation of network disturbances
Sturmberg, J. P., Bennett, J. M., Martin, C. M., & Picard, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.12587 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Relationship Between Screen Time and Chinese Children’s Cognitive and Social Development
Hu, B. Y., Johnson, G. K., Teo, T. P., & Wu, Z. (2020) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2019.1702600 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent stress reactivity
Hackman, D. A., Betancourt, L. M., Brodsky, N. L., Hurt, H., & Farah, M. J. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00277 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Stress induced obesity: lessons from rodent models of stress
Patterson, Z. R., & Abizaid, A. B. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00130 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Telomerase and the aging process
Hornsby, P. J. (2007) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2007.03.007 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Life-time socio-economic position and cortisol patterns in mid-life
Li, L., Power, C., Kelly, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Hertzman, C. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.05.014 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Hair cortisol reflects socio-economic factors and hair zinc in preschoolers
Vaghri, Z., Guhn, M., Weinberg, J., GRUNAU, R. E., Yu, W. K., & Hertzman, C. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.009 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Adam, E. K., Vrshek‐Schallhorn, S., Kendall, A. D., Mineka, S., Zinbarg, R. E., & Craske, M. G. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.014 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Toward an Understanding of Gender Differences in the Impact of Marital Conflict on Health
Wanic, R. A., & Kulik, J. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9968-6 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Persistent Hot Flushes in Older Postmenopausal Women
Huang, A. J., Grady, D. G., Jacoby, V. L., BLACKWELL, T. L., Bauer, D. C., & Sawaya, G. F. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.8.840 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors
Zsichla, L., & Müller, V. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15010175 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
How large are returns to schooling? Hint: Money isn't everything
Oreopoulos, P., & Salvanes, K. G. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w15339 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Maternal Stress and Child Outcomes: Evidence from Siblings
Aizer, A., Stroud, L. R., & Buka, S. L. (2016) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3386/w18422 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Buwalda, B., Scholte, J. C. M., de Boer, S. F., Coppens, C. M., & Koolhaas, J. M. (2011) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.012 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The association between stress and headache: A longitudinal population-based study
Schramm, S. H., Moebus, S., Lehmann, N., Galli, U., Obermann, M., de Bock, E. J. E., Yoon, M., Diener, H., & Katsarava, Z. (2014) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102414563087 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Vigil, J. M., Geary, D. C., Granger, D. A., & Flinn, M. V. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01464.x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
McDade, T. W., Ryan, C. P., Jones, M. J., Hoke, M. K., Borja, J. B., Miller, G. E., Kuzawa, C. W., & Kobor, M. S. (2019) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.23800 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Shalev, R. A., Lavine, C., & Martino, A. D. (2019) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-018-9641-x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Prenatal Maternal Stress, Child Cortical Thickness, and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms
Davis, E. P., Hankin, B. L., Glynn, L. M., Head, K., Kim, D. J., & Sandman, C. A. (2020) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13252 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Hierarchy stability moderates the effect of status on stress and performance in humans
Knight, E. L., & Mehta, P. H. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1609811114 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Thomas, J. C., Letourneau, N. L., Campbell, T. S., Giesbrecht, G. F., & Apron Study Team (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000512 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Identifying Perceived Neighborhood Stressors Across Diverse Communities in New York City
Shmool, J. L. C., Yonas, M., Newman, O. D., Kubzansky, L. D., Joseph, E., Parks, A., Callaway, C., Chubb, L. G., Shepard, P., & Clougherty, J. E. (2015) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-015-9736-9 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Chichlowska, K. L., Rose, K. M., Roux, A. V. D., Golden, S. H., McNeill, A., & HEISS, G. M. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318183a491 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Do stressful events account for the link between socioeconomic status and mental health?
Businelle, M., Mills, B., Chartier, K. G., Kendzor, D. E., Reingle, J. M., & Shuval, K. (2014) · Journal of public health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdt060 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Phuong, D., Roux, A. V. D., Hajat, A., Auchincloss, A. H., Merkin, S. S., Ranjit, N., Shea, S., & Seeman, T. E. (2011) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.12.019 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Meditation interventions efficiently reduce cortisol levels of at-risk samples: A meta-analysis
Koncz, A., Demetrovics, Z., & Takacs, Z. K. (2021) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2020.1760727 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Hostinar, C. E., Johnson, A. E., & Gunnar, M. R. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000029 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Affluence, Feelings of Stress, and Well-being
Ng, S. H., Diener, E., Aurora, R., & Harter, J. K. (2008) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9422-5 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Zhan, Y., Yu, J., Chen, R., Gao, J., Ding, R., Fu, Y., Zhang, L., & Hu, D. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-921 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Manser, C. N., & Bauerfeind, P. (2014) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2014.03.011 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Developmental origins of flatter cortisol rhythms: socioeconomic status and adult cortisol activity
DeSantis, A. S., Kuzawa, C. W., & Adam, E. K. (2015) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22668 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Castro‐Diehl, C., Roux, A. V. D., Seeman, T. E., Shea, S., Shrager, S., & Tadros, S. S. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.013 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Stress and coping in a sample of medical students in Brazil
Bassols, A. M. S., Carneiro, B. B., Guimarães, G. C., Okabayashi, L. S. M., Carvalho, F. G., da Silva, A. B., CORTES, G. N., Rohde, L. A., & Eizirik, C. L. (2015) · Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/0101-60830000000038 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
A review on the relationship between testosterone and life-course persistent antisocial behavior
Yildirim, B. O., & Derksen, J. J. L. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.044 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Méndez, D. D., Hogan, V. K., & Culhane, J. F. (2011) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/00333549111260s315 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Saarni, S. E., Pietiläinen, K. H., Kantonen, S., Rissanen, A., & Kaprio, J. A. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.123851 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Snyder‐Mackler, N., Sanz, J., Kohn, J. N., Voyles, T., Piqué-Regi, R., Wilson, M. E., Barreiro, L. B., & Tung, J. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1811758115 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Social environmental effects on gene regulation
Tung, J., & Gilad, Y. (2013) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-013-1357-6 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Thurston, R. C., & Matthews, K. A. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.029 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Trajectory of physical health, cognitive status, and psychological well-being among Chinese elderly
Han, W., & Shibusawa, T. (2014) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.09.001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Kwok, M. K., Kawachi, I. I., Rehkopf, D. H., & Schooling, C. M. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01831-3 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Chichlowska, K. L., Rose, K. M., Roux, A. V. D., Golden, S. H., McNeill, A., & HEISS, G. M. (2009) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.07.094 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
How Poverty Gets Under the Skin: A Life Course Perspective
Evans, G. W., Chen, E., Miller, G. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199769100.013.0001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Hu, B. Y., Fan, X., Wu, Z., LoCasale‐Crouch, J., Yang, N., & Zhang, J. (2017) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.05.028 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Kim, P., Evans, G. W., Chen, E., Miller, G. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_19 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
A predictive coding framework of allostatic–interoceptive overload in frontotemporal dementia
Migeot, J. A., Duran-Aniotz, C. A., Signorelli, C. M., Piguet, O., & Ibáñez, A. (2022) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2022.08.005 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Schmid, P. C., & Mast, M. S. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1937 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Robertson, T., Benzeval, M., Whitley, E., & Popham, F. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.005 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Haile, D., Nigatu, D., Gashaw, K., & Demelash, H. (2016) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-016-0129-9 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Zhu, Y., Chen, X., Zhao, H., Chen, M., Tian, Y., Liu, C., Han, Z. R., Lin, X., Qiu, J., Xue, G., et al. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.008 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Role of Saliva Cortisol Measurement in Health and Disease
Karlson, B., Lindfors, P., Riva, R., Theorell, T., Lundberg, U., & Mellner, C. (2012) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/97816080534211120101 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Meena Kumari, B., Badrick, E., Chandola, T., Adler, N. E., Epel, E., Seeman, T. E., Kirschbaum, C., & Marmot, M. G. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181c85712 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Career Effects of Mental HealthPreprint
Biasi, B., Dahl, M. S., & Moser, P. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2544251 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., & Baum, A.
- Affiliations
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cohen, Sheldon
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 414-420
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2046597351
- Cited by
- 639
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 8.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KiltHub Repository (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KiltHub Repository
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL65111, HL65112, P50HL065112, P50HL065111)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- socioeconomic status, cortisol, catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, stress hormones, mediation, smoking, breakfast skipping, social networks, health behavior, African Americans, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, sympathetic nervous system
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Catecholamines, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Social Class, Social Support, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Health Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
