The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Characterization of Depression in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Open accessAbstract
Depressive syndromes represent a disabling comorbidity for many children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD); however, the ascertainment of depression can be complicated by phenotypic overlap between the 2 conditions, by ways in which autistic symptomatology can mask cardinal features of depression and by atypical manifestations of depression in children with ASD. These issues have contributed to wide variation in the estimation of prevalence rates of depression in individuals with ASD and invoke the need for new approaches to the specific detection of depression and other neuropsychiatric comorbidities that aggregate in children affected by ASD. The authors review the scientific literature relevant to the occurrence of depression in ASD and consider important parameters of risk, including psychosocial factors such as insight into affectation status, as well as biological factors such as the aggregation of depressive syndromes in certain families affected by autism, which has suggested possible overlap in genetic influences underlying the 2 conditions. Variability in the manifestations of depression across environmental contexts provides important clues to intervention and underscores the potential importance of involving multiple informants in ascertaining depression in children and adolescents with ASD. A practical strategy for evaluating the presence of depression in youth with ASD is synthesized from the available data and discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A co-occurring diagnosis may be further complicated by the ways in which the symptoms and features overlap (e.g., social withdrawal) and by the atypical manifestation of depression symptoms in ASD [115].”
From Pharmacological treatment in autism: a proposal for guidelines on common co-occurring psychiatric symptoms (2025) · cites this paper as [115]
In the citing paper
“Further, ER problems may manifest differently in ASD.15,38,59”
From Emotion Regulation (2014) · cites this paper as [59]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind” ?
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 · Cited by 8,599
Genetic Epidemiology of Major Depression: Review and Meta-Analysis
Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552 · Cited by 3,431
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318179964f · Cited by 3,399
Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study
Bailey, A., Le Couteur, A., Gottesman, I., Bolton, P., Simonoff, E., Yuzda, E., & Rutter, M. (1995) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700028099 · Cited by 2,461
The clinical significance of loneliness: a literature review
Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002 · Cited by 1,986
Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: interview development and rates of disorders
Leyfer, O. T., Folstein, S. E., Bacalman, S., Davis, N. O., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Lainhart, J. E. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0123-0 · Cited by 1,637
Autistic Traits in the General Population: A Twin Study
Constantino, J. N., & Todd, R. D. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.524 · Cited by 1,317
Self-citationBullying, Depression, and Suicidality in Adolescents
Klomek, A. B., Marrocco, F. A., KLEINMAN, M., Schonfeld, I. S., & Gould, M. S. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000242237.84925.18 · Cited by 990
The Prevalence of Anxiety and Mood Problems among Children with Autism and Asperger Syndrome
Kim, J. A., Szatmári, P., Bryson, S. E., Streiner, D. L., & Wilson, F. (2000) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361300004002002 · Cited by 937
Prevalence of Parent-Reported Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children in the US, 2007
Kogan, M. D., Blumberg, S. J., Schieve, L. A., Boyle, C. A., Perrin, J. M., Ghandour, R. M., Singh, G. K., Strickland, B. B., Trevathan, E., & van Dyck, P. C. (2009) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1522 · Cited by 892
The genetics of autism spectrum disorders and related neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood
Lichtenstein, P., Carlström, E., Råstam, M., Gillberg, C., & Anckarsäter, H. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10020223 · Cited by 738
Taylor, J. L., & Seltzer, M. M. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1070-3 · Cited by 735
Hill, E., Berthoz, S., & Frith, U. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000022613.41399.14 · Cited by 619
Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: An overview
Matson, J. L., & Nebel-Schwalm, M. S. (2006) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2005.12.004 · Cited by 590
Humphrey, N., & Lewis, S. (2008) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361307085267 · Cited by 587
Depression in Persons with Autism: Implications for Research and Clinical Care
Ghaziuddin, M., Ghaziuddin, N., & Greden, J. (2002) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1016330802348 · Cited by 579
Atypical behaviors in children with autism and children with a history of language impairment
Dominick, K. C., Davis, N. O., Lainhart, J. E., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., & Folstein, S. E. (2006) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2006.02.003 · Cited by 526
Presentation of depression in autism and Asperger syndrome: A review
Stewart, M. E., Barnard, L., Pearson, J., Hasan, R., & O’Brien, G. (2006) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361306062013 · Cited by 515
Peer interaction and loneliness in high-functioning children with autism
Bauminger, N., Shulman, C., & Agam, G. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025827427901 · Cited by 495
Children with Autism: Quality of Life and Parental Concerns
Lee, L.-C., Harrington, R. A., Louie, B. B., & Newschaffer, C. J. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0491-0 · Cited by 446
Gurney, J. G., McPheeters, M. L., & Davis, M. M. (2006) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.8.825 · Cited by 411
Health Outcomes Related to Early Adolescent Depression
Keenan‐Miller, D., Hammen, C. L., & Brennan, P. A. (2007) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.03.015 · Cited by 399
Piven, J., & Palmer, P. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.4.557 · Cited by 364
Solomon, M., Goodlin‐Jones, B. L., & Anders, T. F. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-004-5286-y · Cited by 345
Tager-Flusberg, H. B. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03604.x · Cited by 324
Parental psychiatric disorders associated with autism spectrum disorders in the offspring
Daniels, J. L., Forssen, U., Hultman, C. M., Cnattingius, S., Savitz, D. A., Feychting, M., & Sparen, P. (2008) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2296 · Cited by 288
Friendship, loneliness and depression in adolescents with Asperger's Syndrome
Whitehouse, A. J. O., Durkin, K., Jaquet, E., & Ziatas, K. (2009) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.03.004 · Cited by 286
Internalizing Disorders in Early Childhood: A Review of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Tandon, M., Cardeli, E., & Luby, J. L. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.004 · Cited by 271
Sterling, L., Dawson, G., Estes, A., & Greenson, J. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0477-y · Cited by 263
Characteristics, correlates, and outcomes of childhood and adolescent depressive disorders
Rao, U., & Chen, L.-A. (2009) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2009.11.1/urao · Cited by 252
Little, L. (2002) · Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1080/014608602753504847 · Cited by 250
Friendship and Internalizing Symptoms Among Children and Adolescents with ASD
Mazurek, M. O., & Kanne, S. M. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1014-y · Cited by 246
Williams, S. B., O’Connor, E., Eder, M. L., & Whitlock, E. P. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2415 · Cited by 235
Vickerstaff, S., Heriot, S., Wong, M. L., Lopes, A., & Dossetor, D. R. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0292-x · Cited by 229
Kanne, S. M., Abbacchi, A. M., & Constantino, J. N. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0694-7 · Cited by 212
Self-citationKerr, D., Lunkenheimer, E. S., & Olson, S. L. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01776.x · Cited by 206
US Preventive Services Task Force (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2381 · Cited by 205
Shtayermman, O. (2007) · Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1080/01460860701525089 · Cited by 203
Matson, J. L., Rush, K. S., Hamilton, M., Anderson, S. J., Bamburg, J. W., Baglio, C., Williams, D. E., & Kirkpatrick‐Sanchez, S. (1999) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/s0891-4222(99)00012-8 · Cited by 200
Tager-Flusberg, H. B. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130910 · Cited by 197
Affective disorders in people with autism: A review of published cases
Lainhart, J. E., & Folstein, S. E. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172140 · Cited by 195
Social attribution processes and comorbid psychiatric symptoms in children with Asperger syndrome
Meyer, J. A., Mundy, P. C., Hecke, A. V. V., & Durocher, J. S. (2006) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361306064435 · Cited by 195
Autism Spectrum Symptomatology in Children: The Impact of Family and Peer Relationships
Kelly, A. B., Garnett, M. S., Attwood, T., & Peterson, C. C. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9234-8 · Cited by 184
Hurtig, T. M., Kuusikko, S., Mattila, M., Haapsamo, H., Ebeling, H. E., Jussila, K. K., Joskitt, L., Pauls, D. L., & Moilanen, I. K. (2009) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361309335719 · Cited by 176
Rapid Quantitative Assessment of Autistic Social Impairment by Classroom Teachers
Constantino, J. N., LaVesser, P., Zhang, Y., Abbacchi, A. M., Gray, T., & Todd, R. D. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318157cb23 · Cited by 167
Self-citationAutism: Preparing for Adulthood
Howlin, P. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 165
Psychiatric Symptoms and Psychosocial Difficulties in Young Adults with Autistic Traits
Kanne, S. M., Christ, S. E., & Reiersen, A. M. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0688-x · Cited by 163
Self-competence and emotional understanding in high-functioning children with autism
Capps, L. M., Sigman, M., & Yirmiya, N. (1995) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400006386 · Cited by 145
Hedley, D., & Young, R. (2006) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361306062020 · Cited by 139
Constantino, J. N., Hudziak, J. J., & Todd, R. D. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000046811.95464.21 · Cited by 139
Self-citationGhaziuddin, M., & Greden, J. F. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026036514719 · Cited by 134
Predictors of Psychiatric Symptoms in Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder
Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., & Schneider, J. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0556-8 · Cited by 120
Social Attributions and Depression in Adolescents with Asperger Syndrome
Barnhill, G. P. (2001) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/108835760101600112 · Cited by 117
MOTIVATION IN CHILDHOOD AUTISM: CAN THEY OR WON'T THEY?
Koegel, R. L., & Mentis, M. (1985) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1985.tb02259.x · Cited by 113
Williamson, S., Craig, J., & Slinger, R. (2008) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361308091652 · Cited by 111
Life events and depression in children with pervasive developmental disorders
Ghaziuddin, M., Alessi, N. E., & Greden, J. F. (1995) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02178296 · Cited by 108
Pearson, D. A., Loveland, K. A., Lachar, D., Lane, D. M., Reddoch, S., Mansour, R., & Cleveland, L. A. (2006) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040600646847 · Cited by 99
Mazefsky, C. A., Folstein, S. E., & Lainhart, J. E. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.23 · Cited by 97
Anxiety and Depression in Children with HFASDs: Symptom Levels and Source Differences
Lopata, C. J., Toomey, J. A., Fox, J. D., Volker, M. A., Chow, S. Y., Thomeer, M. L., Lee, G. K., Rodgers, J. D., McDonald, C. A., & Smerbeck, A. M. (2010) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9406-1 · Cited by 95
Association of Autistic-Like and Internalizing Traits During Childhood: A Longitudinal Twin Study
Hallett, V., Ronald, A., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Happe, F. G. E. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09070990 · Cited by 92
Textbook of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Howlin, P. (2011) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00640_8.x · Cited by 74
The Phenomenology of Depressive Illness in People with a Learning Disability and Autism
Perry, D. W., Marston, G., Hinder, S. A. J., Munden, A. C., & Roy, A. (2001) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361301005003004 · Cited by 56
Genetic and Environmental Covariation Between Autistic Traits and Behavioral Problems
Hoekstra, R. A., Bartels, M., Hudziak, J. J., Beijsterveldt, T. C. E. M. V., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.10.6.853 · Cited by 53
Wachtel, L. E., Griffin, M., & Reti, I. M. (2010) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0b013e3181a744ec · Cited by 45
Hallett, V., Ronald, A., & Happe, F. G. E. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31819f7116 · Cited by 40
Diagnosis and treatment of depression in patients with mental retardation
Janowsky, D. S., & Davis, J. M. (2005) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-005-0062-z · Cited by 26
Chen, C., Chen, K.-H., Liu, C., Huang, S.-L., & Lin, K.-M. (2008) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.09.043 · Cited by 26
Tsuji, H., Miyawaki, D., Kawaguchi, T., Matsushima, N., Horino, A., Takahashi, K., Suzuki, F., & Kiriike, N. (2009) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01916.x · Cited by 25
Textbook of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Achinivu, K. (2012) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01504.x · Cited by 24
Butzer, B., & Konstantareas, M. M. (2003) · Cited by 21
Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of Self-Injurious Behavior in Autism
Minshawi, N. F. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2008.06.012 · Cited by 20
Skinner, S. R., Ng, C., McDonald, A., & Walters, T. (2005) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb07108.x · Cited by 19
CATATONIA IN HIGH-FUNCTIONING AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS: CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Takaoka, K., & Takata, T. (2007) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.101.3.961-969 · Cited by 16
Familial Risk Factors in Autism
Brimacombe, M. B., Ming, X., & Parikh, A. N. (2007) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073807302609 · Cited by 15
Depressive pseudodementia in a child with autism
Pollard, A. J., & Prendergast, M. (2004) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162204000805 · Cited by 12
Depressive pseudodementia in a child with autism
Pollard, A. J., & Prendergast, M. (2004) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00510.x · Cited by 10
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An Overview of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Heterogeneity and Treatment Options
Masi, A., DeMayo, M. M., Glozier, N., & Guastella, A. J. (2017) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-017-0100-y · Cited by 987
The Role of Emotion Regulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mazefsky, C. A., Herrington, J., Siegel, M., Scarpa, A., Maddox, B. B., Scahill, L., & White, S. W. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.006 · Cited by 881
Prevalence of Depressive Disorders in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
Hudson, C. C., Hall, L., & Harkness, K. L. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0402-1 · Cited by 411
Co-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorder
Rosen, T. E., Mazefsky, C. A., Vasa, R. A., & Lerner, M. D. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1450229 · Cited by 325
Mazefsky, C. A., & White, S. W. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2013.07.002 · Cited by 323
Metadata
- Authors
- Magnuson, K. M., & Constantino, J. N.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Magnuson, Katherine M.
- ORCID
- Constantino, John N.
- Venue
- Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 332-340
- ISSN
- 0196-206X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3154372
- OpenAlex
- W2079422843
- Cited by
- 193
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD42541, R01HD042541)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- depression, autism spectrum disorder, comorbidities, children and adolescents, diagnostic assessment, phenotypic overlap, atypical depression, familial aggregation, genetic overlap, multiple informants, depression prevalence, neuropsychiatric comorbidity
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Comorbidity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
