Cognitive Aging in Black and White Americans: Cognition, Cognitive Decline, and Incidence of Alzheimer Disease Dementia
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: US-based studies have reported that older blacks perform worse than older whites on cognitive tests and have higher risk of Alzheimer disease dementia (AD). It is unclear whether these findings reflect differences in cognitive decline. METHODS: The Chicago Health and Aging Project followed individuals, 65+ years old (64% black, 36% white), for up to 18 years. Participants underwent triennial cognitive assessments; stratified randomized samples underwent assessments for AD. We compared black and white participants' cognitive performance, cognitive decline rate (N = 7,735), and AD incidence (N = 2,144), adjusting for age and sex. RESULTS: Black participants performed worse than white participants on the cognitive tests; 441 participants developed AD. Black participants' incident AD risk was twice that of whites (RR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4, 2.7), with 58 excess cases/1,000 occurring among blacks (95% CI, 28, 88). Among noncarriers of APOE ε4, blacks had 2.3 times the AD risk (95% CI, 1.5, 3.6), but among carriers, race was not associated with risk (RR = 1.1; 95% CI, 0.6, 2.0; Pinteraction = 0.05). However, cognitive decline was not faster among blacks: the black-white difference in 5-year change in global cognitive score was 0.007 standard unit (95% CI, -0.034, 0.047). Years of education accounted for a sizable portion of racial disparities in cognitive level and AD risk, in analyses using a counterfactual approach. CONCLUSIONS: The higher risk of AD among blacks may stem from lower level of cognitive test performance persisting throughout the observation period rather than faster rate of late-life cognitive decline. Disparities in educational attainment may contribute to these performance disparities. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B299.
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These health conditions disproportionately affect Black and Hispanic populations and are believed to explain much of the elevated risk of dementia among Black and Hispanic populations.
“These health conditions, which disproportionately affect Black and Hispanic populations, are believed to explain much of the elevated risk of dementia among Black and Hispanic populations.”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [82]
The Results (Alzheimer’s disease and all-cause dementia; page unavailable) report higher Alzheimer’s disease risk among Black than White participants. The paper does not establish that the health conditions referred to in the claim disproportionately affect Black and Hispanic populations or explain much of either population’s elevated dementia risk; its study compares Black and White Americans. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies of the association between APOE-e4 and Alzheimer's dementia in Black and Hispanic populations have had inconsistent results.
“Studies of this association in Black and Hispanic populations have had inconsistent results.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [88]
The Discussion reports differing findings on APOE ε4 and Alzheimer dementia risk among Black participants: this study found no increased risk, while a genome-wide association study found increased risk. The paper does not discuss whether findings in Hispanic populations have been inconsistent; its mention of Hispanics appears in a reference title, not in that discussion. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese health conditions, which disproportionately affect Black and Hispanic populations, are believed to explain much of the elevated risk of dementia among Black and Hispanic populations.
“These health conditions, which disproportionately affect Black and Hispanic populations, are believed to explain much of the elevated risk of dementia among Black and Hispanic populations.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [88]
The Results section reports higher Alzheimer disease risk among Black participants than White participants. The paper does not establish that health conditions explain much of that difference, and its study does not assess Hispanic populations. The Discussion instead considers differences in cognitive level as a possible explanation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome studies found that having the APOE-e4 allele did not increase Alzheimer's risk among Blacks, while other studies found that it significantly increased risk.
“For example, some have found that having the e4 allele did not increase risk among Blacks, [80][81][82] while other studies have found that it significantly increased risk.[83][84][85][86]”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [82]
The influence of the APOE-e4 allele on Alzheimer's risk may be stronger for White Americans than Black Americans.
“the influence of the APOE-e4 allele on Alzheimer's risk may be stronger for White Americans than Black Americans”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [82]
The influence of the APOE-e4 allele on Alzheimer's risk may be stronger for White Americans than Black Americans.
“While there is some research into how the influence of genetic risk factors on Alzheimer's and other dementias may differ by race — for example, the influence of the APOE‐e4 allele on Alzheimer's risk may be stronger for White Americans than Black Americans”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [88]
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- Authors
- Weuve, J., Barnes, L. L., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Rajan, K. B., Beck, T., Aggarwal, N. T., Hebert, L. E., Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., & Evans, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weuve, Jennifer
- ORCID
- Venue
- Epidemiology
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 151-159
- ISSN
- 1044-3983 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5718953
- OpenAlex
- W2753252511
- Cited by
- 340
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 13.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG011101, R01AG051635)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- cognitive aging, racial disparities, Alzheimer's disease, cognitive decline, African Americans, White Americans, APOE ε4, years of schooling, counterfactual analysis, dementia risk, Chicago Health and Aging Project
- MeSH terms
- Cognitive Aging, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Black or African American, Chicago, Cognition, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Risk Factors, United States, Incidence, White People, Apolipoprotein E4, Cognitive Dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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