Leucine as a pharmaconutrient in health and disease
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Amino acids do not merely represent precursors for de-novo protein synthesis, but also function as nutritional signals regulating various metabolic processes. In fact, ample evidence has been generated to show that various tissues respond to changes in amino acid availability via signal transduction pathways that are also regulated by hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and insulin-like growth factor 1. RECENT FINDINGS: Amino acids, and leucine in particular, can act as strong insulin secretagogues when administered in combination with carbohydrate. Leucine administration can be applied effectively to improve postprandial glycemic control. Furthermore, amino acids have been shown to stimulate mRNA translation, thereby increasing muscle protein synthesis and stimulating net protein accretion in an insulin-independent manner. These anabolic properties of amino acids have been mainly attributed to the essential amino acids, and leucine in particular. In accordance, the recent in-vivo human studies show that leucine ingestion can augment the blunted muscle protein synthetic response to protein or amino acid ingestion in elderly men. SUMMARY: Leucine has been proposed as a promising pharmaconutrient in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia and/or type 2 diabetes. Though there are numerous applications for the proposed benefits of leucine in health and disease, the recent long-term nutritional intervention studies do not confirm the clinical efficacy of leucine as a pharmaconutrient.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Results of nutritional intervention studies are not consistent regarding the clinical efficacy of leucine in healthy, active older men.
“Although the BCAA leucine has been proposed as a promising pharmaconutrient for prevention and treatment of sarcopenia, results of nutritional intervention studies are not consistent regarding the clinical efficacy of leucine in healthy, active older men.24,28,201,202”
From Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group (2013) · cites this paper as [201]
Cites
Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle
Cuthbertson, D., Smith, K., Babraj, J., Leese, G., Waddell, T., Atherton, P., Wackerhage, H., Taylor, P. M., & Rennie, M. J. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-2640fje · Cited by 1,211 · see citing works
Moore, D. R., Robinson, M. J., Fry, J. L., Tang, J. E., Glover, E. I., Wilkinson, S. B., Prior, T., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Katsanos, C. S., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Aarsland, A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Volpi, E., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Mittendorfer, B., & Wolfe, R. R. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.2.250 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Anthony, J. C., Yoshizawa, F., Anthony, T. G., Vary, T. C., Jefferson, L. S., & Kimball, S. R. (2000) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.10.2413 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
Excessive Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Park, S. W., Goodpaster, B. H., Lee, J. S., Kuller, L. H., Boudreau, R., de Rekeneire, N., Harris, T. B., Kritchevsky, S., Tylavsky, F. A., Nevitt, M., et al. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0264 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Kumar, V., Selby, A., Rankin, D., Patel, R., Atherton, P., Hildebrandt, W., Williams, J., Smith, K., Seynnes, O., Hiscock, N., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.164483 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Pennings, B., Boirie, Y., Senden, J. M., Gijsen, A. P., Kuipers, H., & van Loon, L. J. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.008102 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Anthony, J. C., Anthony, T. G., Kimball, S. R., Vary, T. C., & Jefferson, L. S. (2000) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.2.139 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Amino acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young and elderly
Paddon-Jones, D., Sheffield-Moore, M., Zhang, X.-J., Volpi, E., Wolf, S. E., Aarsland, A., Ferrando, A. A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00368.2003 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Volpi, E., Mittendorfer, B., Rasmussen, B. B., & Wolfe, R. R. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.12.7021 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
van Loon, L. J., Saris, W. H., Verhagen, H., & Wagenmakers, A. J. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.1.96 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Rieu, I., Balage, M., Sornet, C., Giraudet, C., Pujos, E., Grizard, J., Mosoni, L., & Dardevet, D. (2006) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.110742 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Burd, N. A., Tang, J. E., Moore, D. R., & Phillips, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91351.2008 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Aging, exercise, and muscle protein metabolism
Koopman, R., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91551.2008 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Oral leucine administration stimulates protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle
Crozier, S. J., Kimball, S. R., Emmert, S. W., Anthony, J. C., & Jefferson, L. S. (2005) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.3.376 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Leucine Regulates Translation Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle after Exercise
Norton, L. E., & Layman, D. K. (2006) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.2.533s · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Koopman, R., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., MANDERS, R. J. F., Zorenc, A. H. G., Senden, J. M., Gorselink, M., KEIZER, H. A., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00413.2004 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Long-term leucine supplementation does not increase muscle mass or strength in healthy elderly men.
Verhoeven, S., Vanschoonbeek, K., Verdijk, L., Koopman, R., Wodzig, W., Dendale, P., & van Loon, L. V. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26668 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Effect of amino acid supplementation on muscle mass, strength and physical function in elderly.
Børsheim, E., Bui, Q.-U. T., Tissier, S., Kobayashi, H., Ferrando, A., & Wolfe, R. (2008) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.01.001 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Dillon, E. L., Sheffield‐Moore, M., Paddon‐Jones, D., Gilkison, C. R., Sanford, A. P., Casperson, S. L., Jiang, J., Chinkes, D. L., & Urban, R. J. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1564 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
New insights into amino acid metabolism, β-cell function and diabetes
Newsholme, P., Brennan, L., Rubı́, B., & Maechler, P. (2005) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20040290 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Amino Acid Ingestion Strongly Enhances Insulin Secretion in Patients With Long-Term Type 2 Diabetes
van Loon, L. J. C., Kruijshoop, M., Menheere, P. P. C. A., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., Saris, W. H. M., & KEIZER, H. A. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.625 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Børsheim, E., Cree‐Green, M., Tipton, K. D., Elliott, T. A., Aarsland, A. A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00333.2003 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Leucine Supplementation Enhances Skeletal Muscle Recovery in Rats Following Exercise
Anthony, J. C., Anthony, T. G., & Layman, D. K. (1999) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/129.6.1102 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Xu, G. H., Kwon, G., Cruz, W. S., Marshall, C. A., & McDaniel, M. L. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.2.353 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Koopman, R., Verdijk, L. B., MANDERS, R. J. F., Gijsen, A. P., Gorselink, M., Pijpers, E., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.3.623 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Dardevet, D. P., Sornet, C., Bayle, G., Prugnaud, J., Pouyet, C., & Grizard, J. (2002) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/132.1.95 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Glynn, E. L., Fry, C. S., Drummond, M. J., Dreyer, H. C., Dhanani, S., Volpi, E., & Rasmussen, B. B. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00077.2010 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Carbohydrate Does Not Augment Exercise-Induced Protein Accretion versus Protein Alone
STAPLES, A. W., BURD, N. A., WEST, D. W. D., CURRIE, K. D., ATHERTON, P. J., MOORE, D. R., RENNIE, M. J., MACDONALD, M. J., BAKER, S. K., & PHILLIPS, S. M. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31820751cb · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Leenders, M., Verdijk, L. B., van der Hoeven, L., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Hartgens, F., Wodzig, W. K. W. H., Saris, W. H. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.111.138495 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
van Loon, L. J. C., Kruijshoop, M., Verhagen, H., Saris, W. H. M., & Wagenmakers, A. J. M. (2000) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.10.2508 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Koopman, R., Beelen, M., Stellingwerff, T., Pennings, B., Saris, W. H. M., Kies, A. K., Kuipers, H., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00135.2007 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
MANDERS, R. J. F., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., Koopman, R., Zorenc, A. H. G., Menheere, P. P. C. A., Schaper, N. C., Saris, W. H. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.82.1.76 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Regulation of protein synthesis by branched-chain amino acids
Kimball, S., & Jefferson, L. (2001) · Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care · doi:10.1097/00075197-200101000-00008 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Control of protein synthesis by amino acid availability
Kimball, S. R., & Jefferson, L. S. (2002) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/00075197-200201000-00012 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Rieu, I., Balage, M., Sornet, C., Debras, E., Ripes, S., Rochon-Bonhomme, C., Pouyet, C., Grizard, J., & Dardevet, D. (2007) · Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2006.12.013 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Rieu, I., Sornet, C., Bayle, G., Prugnaud, J., Pouyet, C., Balage, M., Papet, I., Grizard, J., & Dardevet, D. P. (2003) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.4.1198 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Nutritional Interventions to Promote Post-Exercise Muscle Protein Synthesis
Koopman, R., Saris, W. H. M., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2007) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200737100-00005 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The effect of age on protein metabolism
Short, K. R., & Nair, K. S. (2000) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/00075197-200001000-00007 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Koopman, R., Verdijk, L. B., Beelen, M., Gorselink, M., Kruseman, A. N., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., Kuipers, H., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2008) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507812013 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
MANDERS, R. J. F., Koopman, R., Sluijsmans, W. E., van den Berg, R., Verbeek, K., Saris, W. H. M., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.5.1294 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Guillet, C., Zangarelli, A., Gachon, P., Morio, B., Giraudet, C., Rousset, P., & Boirie, Y. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031323 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
MANDERS, R. J. F., Praet, S., Meex, R. C. R., Koopman, R., de Roos, A. L., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., Saris, W. H. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1424 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
MANDERS, R. J. F., Koopman, R., Beelen, M., Gijsen, A. P., Wodzig, W. K. W. H., Saris, W. H. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/138.6.1079 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Amino Acids as Pharmaco-Nutrients for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
van Loon, L. J. C. (2007) · Immunology Endocrine & Metabolic Agents - Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/187152207779802428 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 47 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bauer, J., Biolo, G., Cederholm, T., Cesari, M., Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Morley, J. E., Phillips, S., Sieber, C., Stehle, P., Teta, D., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021 · Cited by 2,553 · see citing works
The Skeletal Muscle Anabolic Response to Plant- versus Animal-Based Protein Consumption
van Vliet, S., Burd, N. A., & van Loon, L. J. (2015) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.204305 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle atrophy during short-term disuse: Implications for age-related sarcopenia
Wall, B. T., Dirks, M. L., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2013) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2013.07.003 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: myth or reality?
Wolfe, R. R. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0184-9 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Gielen, E., Beckwée, D., Delaere, A., De Breucker, S., Vandewoude, M., Bautmans, I., the Sarcopenia Guidelines Development Group of the Belgian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics (BSGG), Bautmans, I., Beaudart, C., Beckwée, D., et al. (2021) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa011 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Nutritional strategies to attenuate muscle disuse atrophy
Wall, B. T., & van Loon, L. J. (2013) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12019 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Leucine co-ingestion improves post-prandial muscle protein accretion in elderly men
Wall, B. T., Hamer, H. M., de Lange, A., Kiskini, A., Groen, B. B. L., Senden, J. M. G., Gijsen, A. P., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2013) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.09.002 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Milk protein for improved metabolic health: a review of the evidence
McGregor, R. A., & Poppitt, S. D. (2013) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-10-46 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
The Health Benefits of Egg Protein
Puglisi, M., & Fernández, M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14142904 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Komar, B., Schwingshackl, L., & Hoffmann, G. (2015) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-014-0559-4 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Dietary Protein and Energy Balance in Relation to Obesity and Co-morbidities
Drummen, M., Tischmann, L., Gatta-Cherifi, B., Adam, T., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00443 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Arends, J., Bertz, H., Bischoff, S., Fietkau, R., Herrmann, H. J., Holm, E., Horneber, M., Hütterer, E., Körber, J., Schmid, I., et al. (2015) · Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1552741 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Tezze, C., Sandri, M., & Tessari, P. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15184073 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Proteins and amino acids are fundamental to optimal nutrition support in critically ill patients
Weijs, P. J. M., Cynober, L., DeLegge, M. H., Kreymann, G., Wernerman, J., & Wolfe, R. R. (2014) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0591-0 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Ranchordas, M. K., Dawson, J. T., & Russell, M. A. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0193-8 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Whey protein: The “whey” forward for treatment of type 2 diabetes?
Mignone, L. (2015) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i14.1274 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Naderi, A., de Oliveira, E. P., Ziegenfuss, T. N., & Willems, M. E. T. (2016) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/jenb.2016.0031 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Nutrient Benefits of Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Eggs
Tunsaringkarn, T., Tungjaroenchai, W., & Siriwong, W. (2012) · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Dietary Protein, Muscle and Physical Function in the Very Old
Franzke, B., Neubauer, O., Cameron‐Smith, D., & Wagner, K. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10070935 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Hou, Y., Xiang, J., Wang, B., Duan, S., Song, R., Zhou, W., Tan, S., & He, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1263650 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Schroeder, E. T., Villanueva, M., West, D. D. W., & Phillips, S. M. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000147 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Gunnerud, U., Holst, J. J., Östman, E. M., & Björck, I. (2012) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-83 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Van Vliet, S., Beals, J. W., Martinez, I. G., Skinner, S. K., & Burd, N. A. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10020224 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Laviano, A., Gori, C. S., & Rianda, S. (2014) · Advances in food and nutrition research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800270-4.00003-1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Calvez, J., Benoit, S., Piedcoq, J., Khodorova, N., Azzout‐Marniche, D., Tomé, D., Benamouzig, R., Airinei, G., & Gaudichon, C. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa274 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Heruc, G. A., Little, T. J., Kohn, M. R., Madden, S., Clarke, S. D., Horowitz, M., & Feinle‐Bisset, C. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00149.2018 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Milk in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: The potential role of milk proteins
Hidayat, K., Du, X., & Shi, B. (2019) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3187 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
French, W. W., Dridi, S., Shouse, S. A., Wu, H., Hawley, A. L., Lee, S., Gu, X., & Baum, J. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9060587 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Backx, E. M. P., Horstman, A. M. H., Marzuca-Nassr, G. N., van Kranenburg, J. M. X., Smeets, J. S. J., Fuchs, C. J., Janssen, A. A. W., de Groot, C. P. G. M., Snijders, T., Verdijk, L. B., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10050635 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Monari, S., Ferri, M., Russo, C., Prandi, B., Tedeschi, T., Bellucci, P., Zambrini, A. V., Donati, E., & Tassoni, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226834 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Dairy products, satiety and food intake: A meta-analysis of clinical trials
Onvani, S., Haghighatdoost, F., Surkan, P. J., & Azadbakht, L. (2016) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.017 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Park, S., Church, D. D., Azhar, G., Schutzler, S. E., Ferrando, A., & Wolfe, R. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-0340-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Functional Amino Acids and Autophagy: Diverse Signal Transduction and Application
Liu, C., Ji, L., Hu, J., Zhao, Y., Johnston, L. J., Zhang, X., & Ma, X. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111427 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Olson, K. C., Chen, G., & Lynch, C. J. (2013) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2013.05.002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Martens, E. A. P., Gonnissen, H. K. J., Gatta‐Cherifi, B., Janssens, P. L. H. R., & Westerterp‐Plantenga, M. S. (2014) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.10.007 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Impact of leucine on energy balance
McAllan, L., Cotter, P. D., Roche, H. M., Korpela, R., & Nilaweera, K. N. (2012) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-012-0170-2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Soy and Gastrointestinal Health: A Review
Belobrajdic, D. P., James‐Martin, G., Jones, D., & Tran, C. D. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15081959 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Impact of prolonged leucine supplementation on protein synthesis and lean growth in neonatal pigs
Columbus, D. A., Steinhoff‐Wagner, J., Suryawan, A., Nguyen, H. V., Hernandez‐Garcia, A., Fiorotto, M. L., & Davis, T. A. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00089.2015 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lv, X., Zhou, C., Yan, Q., Tan, Z., Kang, J., & Tang, S. (2022) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2022.111797 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Arentson-Lantz, E. J., Galvan, E., Ellison, J., Wacher, A., & Paddon-Jones, D. (2019) · The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glz003 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A review on nutritional profile of the food from enset
Fanta, S. W., & Satheesh, N. K. (2019) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/nfs-11-2018-0306 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Valorization of soybean by‐products for sustainable waste processing with health benefits
Usman, M., Li, Q., Luo, D., Xing, Y., & Dong, D. (2024) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.13999 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mung Bean Protein Supplement Improves Muscular Strength in Healthy, Underactive Vegetarian Adults
Bartholomae, E. M., Incollingo, A., Vizcaíno, M., Wharton, C. M., & Johnston, C. S. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102423 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Leucine Protects Against Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Rats
Wan, J., Chen, D., Yu, B., Luo, Y., Mao, X., Zheng, P., Yu, J., Luo, J., & He, J. (2016) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2016.3759 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Leucine supplementation is anti-atrophic during paradoxical sleep deprivation in rats
Souza, H. D. S., Antunes, H. K. M., Dattilo, M., Lee, K. S., Mônico‐Neto, M., Giampá, S. Q. D. C., Phillips, S. M., Tufik, S., & de Mello, M. T. (2015) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-015-2142-7 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Increasing Amino Acids Content of White Wines with Enzymes Treatments
Scutarașu, E. C., Luchian, C. E., Cioroiu, I. B., Trincă, L. C., & Cotea, V. V. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12061406 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pikosky, M. A., Cifelli, C. J., Agarwal, S., & Fulgoni, V. L. I. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.873512 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Treatment to Improve Nutrition and Functional Capacity Evaluation in Liver Transplant Candidates
Dasarathy, S. (2014) · Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s11938-014-0016-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cigarette smoking status alters dysbiotic gut microbes in hypertensive patients
Wang, P., Dong, Y., Jiao, J., Zuo, K., Han, C., Zhao, L., Ding, S., Yang, X., Chen, M., & Li, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.14298 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Pedroso, J. A. B., Nishimura, L. S., de Matos‐Neto, E. M., Donato, J., & Tirapegui, J. (2013) · Cell Biochemistry and Function · doi:10.1002/cbf.3017 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Jonker, R., Deutz, N. E. P., Schols, A. M. W. J., Veley, E. A., Harrykissoon, R., Zachria, A. J., & ENGELEN, M. P. K. J. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.006 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nutrition in Soccer: A Brief Review of the Issues and Solutions
Bonnici, D. C., Greig, M. P., Akubat, I., Sparks, S. A., Bentley, D. J., & McNaughton, L. R. (2019) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-019-0014-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hou, Y., Pai, M., Wu, J., Yang, P., Lee, P., Chen, K.-Y., Yeh, S., & Lin, M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222313003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Fan, S., Duncan, G., Morris, A. C., Henderson, D., Morrice, P. C., Russell, W. R., Duncan, S. H., & Neacsu, M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242216310 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Reider, L. M., Owen, E. C., Dreyer, H. C., Fitton, L., & Willey, M. (2023) · Current Osteoporosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11914-023-00836-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ballard, K. D., & Bruno, R. S. (2014) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuu013 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Grootswagers, P., Smeets, E. T. H. C., Oteng, A., & de Groot, C. P. G. M. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202912 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Schwarz, N. A., McKinley-Barnard, S. K., & Blahnik, Z. J. (2019) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-019-0310-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
López‐Pedrouso, M., Lorenzo, J. M., Borrajo, P., & Franco, D. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11010027 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
An Overview on Nettle Studies, Compounds, Processing and the Relation with Circular Bioeconomy
Toplicean, I.-M., Ianuș, R.-D., & Datcu, A. D. (2024) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants13243529 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pedrosa, R. G., Donato, J., Pires, I. S. O., & Tirapegui, J. (2013) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2012-0440 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Glutamine and leucine administration attenuates muscle atrophy in sepsis
Hou, Y., Wu, J., Chen, K.-Y., Wu, M., Yang, P., Lee, P., Chen, P., Yeh, S., & Lin, M. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121327 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Fabros, J., Dulay, R., Leon, A. D., Kalaw, S. P., & Reyes, R. G. (2022) · Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology · doi:10.5943/cream/12/1/13 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Westerterp‐Plantenga, M. S. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112879 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Martens, E. A. P., Tan, S., Mattes, R. D., & Westerterp‐Plantenga, M. S. (2014) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-11-38 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Milk proteins and human health
Poppitt, S. D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815251-5.00018-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hilkens, L., Praster, F., van Overdam, J., Nyakayiru, J., Singh‐Povel, C. M., Bons, J. A. P., van Loon, L. J. C., & van Dijk, J. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.012 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Paulussen, K. J. M., Alamilla, R. A., Salvador, A. F., McKenna, C. F., Askow, A. T., Fang, H.-Y., Li, Z., ULANOV, A. V., Paluska, S. A., Rathmacher, J. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00295.2021 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A review on finger millet properties, processing, health benefits, and applications
Ashik Somarajan, K., & Morya, S. (2022) · The Pharma Innovation · doi:10.22271/tpi.2022.v11.i7aq.14538 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Amino Acids, Glucose Metabolism and Clinical Relevance for Phenylketonuria Management
Mellado, M. J., Rocha, J. C., & Borges, N. (2015) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Nutritional Composition of Quail Meatballs and Quail Pickled Eggs
Bayomy, H. M., Ma, R., & Mohammed, G. M. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences · doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000584 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mose, M., Møller, N., Jessen, N., Mikkelsen, U. R., Christensen, B., Rakvaag, E., Hartmann, B., Holst, J. J., Jørgensen, J. O. L., & Rittig, N. F. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab010 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wu, H.-T., Lin, H.-C., Tu, Y.-J., & Ng, K. H. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15061741 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hernández-Martínez, C., Rodríguez, L. F., Soriano, M. A., & Sanz, J. M. M. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10238675 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cooper, L. A., Brown, S. L., Hocking, E., & Mullen, A. (2015) · International Journal of Dairy Technology · doi:10.1111/1471-0307.12280 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Protein Intake for Optimal Sports Performance
Martinez, I. G., Skinner, S. K., & Burd, N. A. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813922-6.00039-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Glycemic Response to Infant Formulas: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Anafy, A., Moran‐Lev, H., Shapira, N., Priel, M., Oren, A., Mangel, L., Mandel, D., & Lubetzky, R. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14051064 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dhaver, S., Al-Badri, M. R., Mitri, J., Askar, A., Mottalib, A., & Hamdy, O. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17132092 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Milk Proteins and Human Health
McGregor, R. A., & Poppitt, S. D. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405171-3.00019-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kiran, M., Yasin, K. A., Haq, S., Elmnasri, K., Abdallah, F. B., Ali, M. B., Shah, A., Hedfi, A., & Mahmoudi, E. (2023) · Materials Research Express · doi:10.1088/2053-1591/acfd0f · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Traditional uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Asparagus adscendens Roxb.: A Review
Das, K. S. P., Gupta, R. K., Raut, G., & Patel, B. P. (2024) · Journal of Ayurveda Campus · doi:10.51648/jac93 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Strategies to mitigate muscle mass loss in individuals with spinal cord injury
Horstman, A. M. H., Stolwijk-Swüste, J. M., van Loon, L. J. C., & de Groot, S. (2025) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1080/10790268.2025.2503048 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Proniewicz, L. M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25073720 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Whey Protein and Muscle Protection
Boirie, Y. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-810422-4.00015-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Paddon‐Jones, D., & Layman, D. K. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz190 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Whey protein concentrate mixed beverages and plasma amino acid response in young males
Klaewkla, J., Hudthagosol, C., Chaijenkij, K., Panya, A., Sang-ngoen, D., Phonsatta, N., & Kaewkul, K. (2022) · Food Research · doi:10.26656/fr.2017.6(3).630 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ribeiro, R. C., Alves, R. C., Santo, L. E., Costa, A. S. G., Machado, S., Oliveira, M. B. P. P., Teixeira, R. S. S., & Rezende, C. M. (2025) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c07362 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Live or death in cells: from micronutrition metabolism to cell fate
Wang, Y., Wu, W., & Gong, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1185989 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Impact of Eggs Protein on Musculoskeletal Health
Prajapati, B. G. (2023) · Novel Techniques in Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.31031/ntnf.2023.07.000654 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Radhalakshmi, V., Raman, M., & Joy, M. R. (2023) · Journal of Herbs Spices & Medicinal Plants · doi:10.1080/10496475.2023.2253761 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Watson, L. E., Wu, T., Horowitz, M., & Rayner, C. K. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809868-4.00014-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Egg Protein in Sports Nutrition
Martinez, I. G., McKenna, C. F., & Burd, N. A. (2019) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781788013833-00102 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Amino Acid Metabolism for Human Physiology
Blachier, F. (2025) · Fascinating life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93393-6_7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Soh, B. X. P., Vignes, M., Smith, N. W., von Hurst, P. R., & McNabb, W. C. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1752697 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Willems, M. E. T., Naderi, A., Sunoo, S., & Ziegenfuss, T. N. (2016) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/jenb.2016.12.20.4.3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Geriatric Medicine and Healthy Aging
Gouveia, É. R., de Gouveia, B. R. F. O., Marques, A., & Ihle, A. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mashhadi, N. S. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.105433 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Amorim, S., Gomes, H., & Teixeira, V. H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53924-8_53 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ribeiro, C. B., Borin, S. H., & Silva, C. A. D. S. A. (2012) · Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.11606/issn.2176-7262.v45i1p58-65
Gunnerud, U. (2013) · Lund University Publications (Lund University)
- Authors
- van Loon, L. J. C.
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 71-77
- ISSN
- 1363-1950 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W58502648
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- leucine, pharmaconutrients, amino acids, insulin secretion, postprandial glucose control, muscle protein synthesis, mRNA translation, sarcopenia, type 2 diabetes, older men, essential amino acids, signal transduction
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Amino Acids, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Leucine, Muscle Proteins, RNA, Messenger, Protein Biosynthesis, Dietary Supplements, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review