A meta-analysis: Internet mindfulness-based interventions for stress management in the general population
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Psychological stress was an important mental health problem among the general population and warrant research to inform strategies for effective prevention. iMBIs provide a possibility to offer easily accessible, efficacious, convenient, and low-cost interventions on a wide scale. However, the efficacy of iMBIs in the general population remains unclear. The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the effects of iMBIs for stress reduction in the general population. METHODS: A systematic search in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Medline, Cochrane Library, CNKI, and Wanfang Data databases was performed up to April 10, 2019. The overall effect sizes of the iMBIs on stress, depression, anxiety, and mindfulness were recorded by the metric of Hedges' g with 95% confidence interval (CI), Z-value, and P value. RESULTS: Sixteen eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. The overall results indicated that iMBIs had small to moderate effects on stress (Hedges' g = -0.393) and mindfulness (Hedges' g = -0.316) compared with the control group. Results from subgroup analyses revealed that the type of sample and delivery mode had a greater impact on heterogeneity across the studies. Meta-regression found that the overall effect might be moderated by guidance for iMBIs. CONCLUSION: The present meta-analysis suggested that iMBIs had small to moderate effects in reducing stress and improving mindfulness of the general population in comparison with the control group. Future research is needed to explore how iMBIs are remolded to improve adherence and suit specific individuals.
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Meta-analyses found small to moderate effects on stress of an eight-week online instructor-led mindfulness course.
“Meta-analyses have examined the effects of web-based mindfulness training [24,28,29]. They all found small to moderate effects on stress of an eight-week online instructor led mindfulness course.”
From The Effectiveness of a Four-Week Online Mindfulness Training Course on Individual Mindfulness Skills and Personal Perception of Stress in Company Employees Working from Home (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
The Results (Effects on stress and mindfulness; page unavailable) report a small-to-moderate reduction in stress from internet mindfulness-based interventions. But the Results (Characteristics of included studies and quality appraisal; page unavailable) say the interventions lasted 2–12 weeks and used several delivery modes; the pooled effect is not specifically for an eight-week, instructor-led course. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOnline MBIs have a significant low-to-moderate impact on mental health, and these effects are maintained at short-term follow-up.
“Our findings are largely in line with those reported in previous meta-analyses [9,10,28-30] and suggest that online MBIs have a significant low-to-moderate impact on mental health and that these effects are maintained at short-term follow-up.”
From New evidence in the booming field of online mindfulness: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
The Results sections on stress, mindfulness, depression, and anxiety report significant small-to-moderate effects of online MBIs in the general population. The Results section on study characteristics says ten studies reported follow-up data, but the paper does not report that the effects were maintained at short-term follow-up. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOther studies revealed that online mindfulness trainings had a small to moderate effect on stress and mindfulness in the general population.
“However, other studies revealed that online mindfulness trainings had a small to moderate effect on stress and mindfulness in the general population [28,29].”
A comprehensive review of online mindfulness-based interventions is still lacking.
“As these reviews address a narrower target population [29] and scope of interventions [30] than our original meta-analysis, a comprehensive review of online MBIs is still lacking.”
From New evidence in the booming field of online mindfulness: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
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- Authors
- Zhang, Y., Xue, J., & Huang, Y.
- Affiliations
- West China Medical Center of Sichuan University (CN)
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Huang, Ying
- Venue
- Medicine
- Published
- 2020-07-10
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 28
- Pages
- e20493
- ISSN
- 0025-7974 (ISSN-L)
- 1536-5964
- PMC
- PMC7360300
- OpenAlex
- W3042197957
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 0.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Keywords
- stress reduction, psychological stress, general population, mindfulness, depression, anxiety, intervention delivery mode, stress management
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Depression, Humans, Stress, Psychological, Internet, Mindfulness
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