Group, one-on-one, or internet? Preferences for mindfulness meditation delivery format and their predictors

Wahbeh, Helané; Svalina, Matthew N.; Oken, Barry S.

doi:10.2174/1874220301401010066

Cited by 116Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsDigital Mental Health InterventionsReligion, Spirituality, and Psychology

Group, one-on-one, or internet? Preferences for mindfulness meditation delivery format and their predictors

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Wahbeh, Helané, Svalina, Matthew N., Oken, Barry S.·2014·Open Medicine Journal

DOI 10.2174/1874220301401010066PMC PMC4820831

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Group mindfulness meditation interventions have improved symptoms in many health conditions. However, many people are unwilling to receive group treatment, so alternative delivery methods such as individual and internet may be a useful option. The study objective was to examine mindfulness meditation intervention delivery format preferences and their relationship to potential predictors. DESIGN: An online survey was conducted of adult English speakers. Data was collected on interest and preference for internet, individual, or group formats of a mindfulness meditation intervention. Age, gender, personality, and posttraumatic stress disorder score and status and depression status were also collected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 500 eligible participants completed the survey (mean age 39±15; range 18-70; 68% female). Participants were more interested in the Internet (n=356) and individual formats (n=384) than the group format (n=245). Fifty-five participants (11%) said they would refuse a group format. Internet was the first choice format for most participants (Internet 212 (43%), Individual 187 (38%), Group 97 (20%) and group was the last choice for most participants (Internet 140 (29%), Individual 70 (14%), Group 279 (57%)). Age, extraversion and emotional stability were significant in predicting first choice format. These results support the need for more research and implementation of alternative mindfulness meditation intervention delivery formats. Future research will incorporate additional predictors and include a broader range of participants.

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The internet was the first choice format for 42% of participants in that survey.
“The internet was found to be the first choice format for 42% of the participants”
From Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions in improving mental health: A review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2016) · cites this paper as Wahbeh, Svalina, & Oken, 2014

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Self-citation
Digital Characteristics and Dissemination Indicators to Optimize Delivery of Internet-Supported Mindfulness-Based Interventions for People With a Chronic Condition: Systematic Review
Russell, L., Ugalde, A., Milne, D., Austin, D., & Livingston, P. M. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9645 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Distanced from Others, Connected to Self: Online Mindfulness Training Fosters Psychological Well-Being by Cultivating Authenticity
Kay, A. A., & Young, T. (2021) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2020.0316 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effects of Video-Guided Group vs. Solitary Meditation on Mindfulness and Social Connectivity: A Pilot Study
Hanley, A. W., Dehili, V., Krzanowski, D., Barou, D., Lecy, N., & Garland, E. L. (2022) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-021-00812-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-administered mindfulness interventions reduce stress in a large, randomized controlled multi-site study
Sparacio, A., IJzerman, H., Ropovik, I., Giorgini, F., Spiessens, C., Uchino, B. N., Landvatter, J., Tacana, T., Diller, S. J., Derrick, J. L., et al. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01907-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Enhancing Parental Well-being: Initial Efficacy of a 21-Day Online Self-help Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Parents
Cheung, R. Y. M., Chan, S. K. C., Chui, H. T., Chan, W. M., & Ngai, S. Y. S. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01998-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions for improving mental health in patients with physical health conditions: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, Z., Jia, Y., Li, M., Meng, X., Shang, B., Wang, C., & Chen, L. (2021) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2021.10.001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mindful Garden: Supporting Reflection on Biosignals in a Co-Located Augmented Reality Mindfulness Experience
Liu, L. H., Lu, X., Martinez, R., Wang, D., Liu, F., Monroy‐Hernández, A., & Epstein, D. A. (2022) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/3500868.3559708 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“While solitary mindfulness training is associated with greater mental and emotional health [23], watching others meditate may help induce a state of mindfulness and strengthen feelings of social connectivity [7].”
Background
Effect of a Short-Term Online Version of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Self-criticism and Self-compassion in a Nonclinical Sample
Halamová, J., Kanovský, M., Jurková, V., & Kupeli, N. (2018) · Studia Psychologica · doi:10.21909/sp.2018.04.766 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…sessions are delivered in group format (e.g., Kabat-Zinn, 1982; Kabat-Zinn, 2013; Kabat-Zinn, 2016), 42% of people would prefer to complete mindfulness meditation on their own using an online format, compared to completing it during group or individual face-to-face sessions (Wahbeh et al., 2014).”
Background
Being Mindful at University: A Pilot Evaluation of the Feasibility of an Online Mindfulness-Based Mental Health Support Program for Students
Světlák, M., Linhartová, P., Knejzlíková, T., Knejzlík, J., Kóša, B., Horníčková, V., Jarolínová, K., Lučanská, K., Slezáčková, A., & Šumec, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581086 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Danilewitz et al., 2018; Querstret et al., 2018) and in face-toface programs as well (Rosenzweig et al., 2003; Lynch et al., 2011; Warnecke et al., 2011; Barnes et al., 2017).”
Background
“IT TOOK THE STRESS OUT OF GETTING HELP”: THE STAR-CTELEMEDICINE MIXED METHODS PILOT
Lindauer, A., Croff, R., Mincks, K., Mattek, N., Shofner, S. J., Bouranis, N., & Teri, L. L. (2018) · Care weekly · doi:10.14283/cw.2018.10 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Live Online During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed Methods Feasibility Study
Riley, T. D., Roy, S., Parascando, J. A., Wile, K., LaGamma, C., Dong, H., & Zgierska, A. E. (2022) · Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/jicm.2021.0415 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“32 However, many of these studies used novel, abbreviated MBIs, which lack the robust evidence supporting the full MBSR course.”
Influential
Differential Impact of Mindfulness Practices on Aggression Among Law Enforcement Officers
Ribeiro, L., Colgan, D. D., Hoke, C. K., Hunsinger, M., Bowen, S. W., Oken, B., & Christopher, M. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01289-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citation
Meditating in Live Stream: An Autoethnographic and Interview Study to Investigate Motivations, Interactions and Challenges
Li, J., Guo, J., & Leshed, G. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3637417 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Peers contribute to the accountability of one’s practice, the exchange of insights and perspectives and provide a sense of community [27, 98].”
Background
Perinatal Understanding of Mindful Awareness for Sleep (PUMAS): A single-arm proof-of-concept clinical trial of a mindfulness-based intervention for DSM-5 insomnia disorder during pregnancy
Kalmbach, D. A., Cheng, P., Reffi, A. N., Ong, J. C., Swanson, L. M., Fresco, D. M., Walch, O., Seymour, G. M., Fellman-Couture, C., Bayoneto, A., et al. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.05.026 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A Relaxation App (HeartBot) for Stress and Emotional Well-Being Over a 21-Day Challenge: Randomized Survey Study
Iyer, L., Iyer, R., & Kumar, V. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/22041 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Comparing focused attention meditation to meditation with mobile neurofeedback for persistent symptoms after mild-moderate traumatic brain injury: a pilot study
Polich, G. R., Gray, S., Tran, D., Morales-Quezada, L., & Glenn, M. B. (2020) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2020.1802781 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Exploring the Impact of an Open Access Mindfulness Course with Online Graduate Students: A Mixed Methods Explanatory Sequential Study
Murphy, J. (2021) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v25i2.2292 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a guided online mindfulness-focused intervention in a student population: Study protocol for a randomised control trial
Schultchen, D., Küchler, A., Schillings, C., Weineck, F., Karabatsiakis, A., Ebert, D. D., Baumeister, H., & Pollatos, O. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032775 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Meditation app alleviates burnout and builds resilience for chaplains in hospices for older adults in Asian and African cities
Pandya, S. P. (2019) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2019.1670539 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Online Mindfulness-Based Intervention (iMBI) on Inattention, Hyperactivity–Impulsivity, and Executive Functioning in College Emerging Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Study Protocol
Pheh, K. S., Tan, K., Ibrahim, N., & Sidik, S. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031257 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Evidence from a cross-sectional study also suggests that an Internet-delivered mindfulness program is the ﬁrst choice of young people [49].”
The Application of Machine Learning to Online Mindfulness Intervention Data: a Primer and Empirical Example in Compliance Assessment
Lekkas, D., Price, G. D., McFadden, J. R., & Jacobson, N. C. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01723-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Online Mindfulness with Care Partnerships Experiencing Anxiety and Depression Symptoms after Stroke: Mixed Methods Case Study Research
Parkinson, B., Lawrence, M., McElhinney, E., & Booth, J. (2022) · Journal of Holistic Nursing · doi:10.1177/08980101221135723 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
An Innovative Electronic Health Toolkit (Our Whole Lives for Chronic Pain) to Reduce Chronic Pain in Patients With Health Disparities: Open Clinical Trial
Gardiner, P. M., D'Amico, S., Luo, M., & Haas, N. M. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/14768 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“In addition, the flexibility of internet delivery can be appealing for people who are busy managing appointments and treatments, those who want to bypass barriers related to cost and insurance coverage and time commitments for in-person treatment, and those who are reluctant to engage in in-person group interventions…”
Background
Does Using a Mindfulness App Reduce Anxiety and Worry? A Randomized-Controlled Trial
Abbott, D., Lack, C. W., & Anderson, P. L. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcpsy-d-20-00058 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Improving psychological well‐being among healthcare workers during the COVID ‐19 pandemic with an online mindfulness intervention: A randomised waitlist‐controlled trial
Baminiwatta, A., Fernando, R., Solangaarachchi, I., Abayabandara‐Herath, T., Wickremasinghe, A. R., & Hapangama, A. (2024) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.13118 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The effect of brief digital mindfulness-based interventions on increasing online charitable behavior in Chinese adolescents
Hong, M., Liang, D., Lu, T., & Liu, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1213089 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The effects of art-making intervention on mind–body and quality of life in adults with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Lin, J., Lin, X., Chen, Q., Li, Y., Chen, W., & Huang, F. (2024) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-024-08364-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…individuals may realize that other members have likely experienced similar difficulties and challenges and contribute to the normalization of their own experiences, reducing the individual’s sense of isolation regarding anxiety experiences, and thus foster more open communication and sharing [52].”
Integrating Mindfulness into a Routine Schedule: The Role of Mobile-Health Mindfulness Applications
van Emmerik, A., Keijzer, R., & Schoenmakers, T. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30892-6_15 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Therapeutic utilization of meditation resources by people with multiple sclerosis: insights from an online patient discussion forum
O'Donnell, J., Jelinek, G. A., Gray, K. M., Livera, A. M. D., Brown, C. R., Neate, S. L., O’Kearney, E., Taylor, K. L., Bevens, W., & Weiland, T. J. (2020) · Informatics for Health and Social Care · doi:10.1080/17538157.2020.1755975 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Brief Online Training in Mindfulness Meditation Momentarily Reduces Some Impulsive Behaviors: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Ge, C., Xie, Y., Sun, M., Fan, F., Zhang, Y., & Liu, L. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02479-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This transition has been driven by the convenience, accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and scalability of remote interventions compared to traditional face-to-face approaches (Creswell, 2017; Wahbeh et al., 2014).”
Signing up is not yet mindfulness practice: A systematic review of adherence to eHealth and mHealth mindfulness-based programs in the pre-pandemic period
Liptáková, S., Světlák, M., Matis, J., Slezáčková, A., & Rastislav, R. (2022) · Ceskoslovenska psychologie · doi:10.51561/cspsych.66.3.233 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Almost half of the people in one study would prefer an online format of mindfulness meditation intervention to a faceto-face format (Wahbeh et al., 2014).”
Background
An Investigation into College Students’ Preferences for Technology Integration into Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
Loiacono, E. T., Fulwiler, C., Cohanim, R., & Davis, M. (2018) · AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.17705/1thci.00109 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Systematic Review of Mindfulness-Based Ecological Momentary Interventions: Synthesizing Current Methods and Identifying Directions for Future Research
Pavlacic, J. M., Hampton, B. N., Young, J. N., Witcraft, S. M., Flores, C. M. N., Vázquez, A. L., & Rheingold, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-024-00416-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…can change the efficacy of the intervention, and how participant preferences may factor into this picture given that digital interventions are endorsed as a desired method of intervention delivery (Wahbeh et al., 2014) and most studies in the current review utilized self-directed interventions.”
Effects of internet-based mindfulness interventions on anxiety and depression symptoms in cancer patients: A meta-analysis
Wang, S., Xia, W., Zhang, J., Wu, M., & Tian, L. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.02.022 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Online Meditation Program Builds Resilience and Competencies Among Social Work Students Working With Older Adults
Pandya, S. P. (2020) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/10437797.2020.1817817 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Moreover, a cross-sectional survey among 500 adults in the United States showed that many people prefer individual and online formats for mindfulness meditation interventions over group formats (Wahbeh et al., 2014).”
Background
Cognitive Effect Following a Blended (Face to Face and Videoconference-Delivered) Format Mindfulness Training
Wang, G., Taylor, T., Sumich, A. L., Krägeloh, C., Lee, C. Q., & Siegert, R. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701459 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Over the last decades, communication technology has increasingly been applied to deliver mindfulness interventions or support mindfulness practice, ranging from phone-delivered sessions and mobile applications, to online websites or a combination of a virtual online classroom and website (Wahbeh et al., 2014; Gu et al…”
Background
Brief mindfulness training for Canadian public safety personnel well-being
Stevenson, R. M. (2022) · Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being · doi:10.35502/jcswb.263 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Internet was the preferred delivery mode (43%), followed by individual (38%), and group intervention at 20% (Wahbeh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
Online mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treatment-resistant depression: a parallel-arm randomized controlled feasibility trial
Rodrigues, M. F., Quagliato, L. A., Appolinário, J. C., & Nardi, A. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1412483 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Investigating the role of health information technology in the control and management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): a systematic review
Moulaei, K., Rajaei, E., Ahmadian, L., & Khajouei, R. (2022) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-022-02009-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In the study by Wahbeh et al. [49], 71.2% of participants (365 out of 500) preferred to use web-based technologies for their treatment rather than in-person visits.”
BackgroundInfluential
Effectiveness of an Internet-Based, Self-Guided, Short-Term Mindfulness Training (ISSMT) Program for Relieving Depressive Symptoms in the Adult Population in China: Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial
Zhu, T., Zhang, L., Weng, W., Gan, R., Sun, L., Wei, Y., Zhu, Y., Yu, H., Xue, J., & Chen, S. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/55583 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“[7].”
A qualitative analysis of free text comments of participants from a massive open online mindfulness course
Neate, S. L., Reece, J. C., Hassed, C. S., Chambers, R., Connaughton, S., & Nag, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.947898 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For many people online MBIs are simply the preferred mode of delivery (18).”
Background
Are Digital Interventions the Next Frontier in Sex Therapy? A Mixed Methods Study Examining Attitudes toward Digital Sex Therapy
Vowels, L. M., & Sever, Z. (2023) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2023.2243266 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…and intention to use, potentially constituting a barrier to reaching the full potential of these services (Apolinário-Hagen et al., 2018; Klein & Cook, 2010; Mohr, Riper, & Schueller, 2018; Musiat, Goldstone, & Tarrier, 2014; Wahbeh, Svalina, & Oken, 2014; Wallin, Mattsson, & Olsson, 2016).”
Internet-Based Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for the Adjunctive Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Apolinário-Hagen, J., & Salewski, C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6577-4_22 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Estudio comparativo entre un programa de reducción del estrés basado en mindfulness presencial y online en población general española
Sard-Peck, T. E., Martín-Asuero, A., Oller, M. T., Calvo, A., & Santesteban‐Echarri, O. (2019) · Psiquiatría Biológica · doi:10.1016/j.psiq.2019.03.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Navigating relationships with GenAI chatbots: User attitudes, acceptability, and potential
Vowels, L. M., Francois‐Walcott, R. R. R., Grandjean, M., Darwiche, J., & Vowels, M. J. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100183 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mindfulness Training for Depressed Older Adults Using Smartphone Technology: Protocol for a Fully Remote Precision Clinical Trial
Schweiger, A., Rodebaugh, T. L., Lenze, E. J., Keenoy, K., Hassenstab, J. J., Kloeckner, J., Gettinger, T. R., & Nicol, G. E. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/39233 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Even prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people expressed a preference for individual and online mindfulness training over in-person group formats [12].”
A pilot study on the efficacy of an online mindfulness intervention for Canadian police officers
Fleischmann, M. H., Boudreau, A., Vincent, M., Charman, M., Collie, E., Johnston, R., & Khoury, B. (2024) · Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being · doi:10.35502/jcswb.364 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Conventional versus Mindfulness-based Interventions for Anxiety and Worry: A Review and Recommendations
Abbott, D., & Lack, C. W. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews · doi:10.2174/2666082216666200220121648 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mindfulness as an intervention after multisystem trauma
Clement, E., Murphy, P., Lee, A. S. Y., Ericson, A. D., Gratton, C., Clements, T. W., Ryan, J. F., Kim, M. J., Ball, C. G., & Widder, S. L. (2020) · Trauma · doi:10.1177/1460408620961014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Cumulative DASS-21 score, mean (sd) 15 (11) 17 (11) 16 (11) 0.”
Characterizing Interprofessional Collaboration and Referral to Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Programs
Binda, D. D., Weinberg, J., Nguyen, T., & Morone, N. E. (2022) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1177/2164957x221126484 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“With the onset of the COVID19 Pandemic making online communication platforms more accessible, there has been an increased comfort level in using web-based video platforms for meetings.28 We are currently testing this online platform in a pragmatic clinical trial of MBSR delivered via Telehealth.29 Although Wahbeh et a…”
BackgroundMethod
The impact of Emotion-focused training for emotion couching delivered as mobile app on self-compassion and self-criticism
Halamová, J., Mihalo, J., & Bakoš, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1047022 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Some people prefer online interventions as there are barriers to traditional therapy sessions (cost, negative stigma, unavailability, lack of anonymity; Wahbeh et al., 2014).”
Background
CBT + Exercise vs Treatment as Usual in Treating Anxiety and Depression in University Students: A Pilot Study
Newcombe, B. C., Olthuis, J. V., MacLean, M., Hamilton, R. A., & McAulay, T. (2023) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/87568225.2023.2181255 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“For those seeking counseling services, one potential reason for low recruitment rates is a general preference for individual therapy versus group therapy (Muntingh et al., 2019; Wahbeh, Svalina, & Oken, 2014).”
Background
Self-Help Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
Jones, F. W., Strauss, C., & Cavanagh, K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29866-5_10 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The effectiveness of mindfulness-based group therapy on anxiety, depression and stress in looked after children: a preliminary exploration
Sunthararajah, S. (2019) · Adoption & Fostering : The Quarterly Journal of British Agencies for Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/0308575919826878 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effects of online mindful stretching exercises for loneliness, mindfulness, and hair cortisol: A mixed method study
Jong, F. J. X., Lee, C. C. W., Ting, R. S., Lin, M., Ong, L. K., Quek, X. F., Lee, S. W. H., Ng, A. L. O., & Teoh, S. L. (2025) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2025.103204 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effect of digital mindfulness on perceived stress and anxious emotion among college students
Xiong, W., Xia, Y., Yu, L., & Yang, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1644370 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A cross-sectional survey of 500 adults in the United States suggested that many individuals prefer individual and online forms of mindfulness meditation interventions to group formats (40).”
Both online and face-to-face mindfulness meditation can change cortical structure in internet gaming disorder
Dong, H., Wang, H., Ma, X., Ma, X., Ni, H., Liu, C., Song, X., Dong, G., & Zhou, R. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.08.005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
eLIFEwithIBD: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of an online acceptance and commitment therapy and compassion-based intervention in inflammatory bowel disease
Ferreira, C., Pereira, J. L., Matos‐Pina, I., Skvarc, D., Galhardo, A. B., Ferreira, N. B., Carvalho, S. A., Lucena‐Santos, P., Rocha, B. S., Oliveira, S. M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1369577 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Digital Therapies for Insomnia
Jackson, M. L., Meaklim, H., & Mason, E. C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10698-9_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Internet Mindfulness Meditation Intervention (IMMI) Program with iMINDr Application Support for Older Adults with Depression Symptoms: A Feasibility Study
Hrnjic, L., Fry, N., & Wahbeh, H. (2021) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2104034 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“An online survey investigated the preferred delivery method for MBIs and found that older adults (60-90 years old) favor the internet (43%) over individual (39%) or group (10%) format, and 10% stated they would not engage in a group format [24].”
Self-citation
Mindfulness-Based Interventions
Shamblaw, A. L., & Segal, Z. V. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00212-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Online mindfulness-based interventions and their use in mental health practice
Parkinson, B., Lawrence, M., McElhinney, E., & Booth, J. (2022) · Mental Health Practice · doi:10.7748/mhp.2022.e1619 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Internet-basierte Interventionen zur Förderung von Achtsamkeit und Selbstmitgefühl
Krieger, T. (2020) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60318-5_10
Optimized, personalized, and digitalized: protocol for a fully-remote precision clinical trial of mindfulness training for depressed older adults using smartphone technology (Preprint)Preprint
Schweiger, A., Rodebaugh, T. L., Lenze, E. J., Keenoy, K., Hassenstab, J. J., Kloeckner, J., Gettinger, T. R., & Nicol, G. E. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.39233
Digital Characteristics and Dissemination Indicators to Optimize Delivery of Internet-Supported Mindfulness-Based Interventions for People With a Chronic Condition: Systematic Review (Preprint)Preprint
Russell, L., Ugalde, A., Milne, D., Austin, D., & Livingston, P. M. (2017) · doi:10.2196/preprints.9645
The Effects of the App HeartBot on Stress and Emotional Well-being over a 21-day Challenge: A survey study (Preprint)Preprint
Iyer, L., Iyer, R., & Kumar, V. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.22041
Mindfulness sessions delivered via smartphone applications and their potential benefits
Nowakowska, K., Lewkowicz, M., Raksa, K., Szarpak, J., Pawlina, M., Niedziałek, K., & Ziętara, K. J. (2022) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2022.12.08.023
“In turn, 11% of respondents refused group therapy [14].”
Background
Older adults who prefer aging in place and corresponding challenges to social workers: the impact of smartphone-based interventions
Pandya, S. P. (2022) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2022.2125986
“Online meditation programs are now gaining increasing prominence owing to their cost-effectiveness, ease of administration and minimum risk to participants (Wahbeh et al., 2014).”
Background
Self-administered mindfulness interventions reduce stress in a large, randomized controlled multi-site studyPreprint
Sparacio, A., IJzerman, H., Ropovik, I., Filippo, G., Spiessens, C., Uchino, B. N., Landvatter, J., Tacana, T., Diller, S. J., Derrick, J. L., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/krbn3
Mindfulness-based interventions for care partnerships experiencing anxiety and depression symptoms after stroke: a mixed methods study
Parkinson, B. (2021) · doi:10.59019/wpjc8881

Open Access Group, One-on-One, or Internet? Preferences for Mindfulness Meditation Delivery Format and their Predictors
Wahbeh, H., Svalina, M. N., & Oken, B. S. (2016)
Self-citation
Mindfulness Webinar: A new approach to teaching mindfulness in nonclinical settings.
Krägeloh, C., Medvedev, O. N., Taylor, T. J., Wrapson, W., Wang, G., Csákó, R. I., Ratna, J. M. J., Patel, N., Siegert, R. J., & Sumich, A. L. (2017) · ResearchSpace (University of Auckland)
Internet Mindfulness Meditation Intervention for the General Public: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Wahbeh, H., & Oken, B. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5900 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
Preferences for Internet-Based Mental Health Interventions in an Adult Online Sample: Findings From an Online Community Survey
Batterham, P. J., & Calear, A. L. (2017) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.7722 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
A pilot randomized controlled trial for a videoconference-delivered mindfulness-based group intervention in a nonclinical setting
Krägeloh, C. U., Medvedev, O. N., Taylor, T., Wrapson, W., Rix, G., Sumich, A., Wang, G. Y., Csako, R., Anstiss, D., Ranta, J. T., et al. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1024-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Authors: Wahbeh, H., Svalina, M. N., & Oken, B. S.
Affiliations: National University of Natural Medicine (US)
Oregon Health & Science University (US)
ORCID: Wahbeh, Helané
Svalina, Matthew N.
Oken, Barry S.
Venue: Open Medicine Journal
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Published: 2014-11-28
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 66-74
ISSN: 1874-2203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2174/1874220301401010066
PMC: PMC4820831
OpenAlex: W2033588586
Cited by: 116
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7
FWCI: 4.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Open Medicine Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K24AT005121, K01AT004951)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Keywords: mindfulness meditation, intervention delivery format, group intervention, individual interventions, online intervention, treatment preferences, extraversion, emotional stability, personality traits, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, age differences

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Group, one-on-one, or internet? Preferences for mindfulness meditation delivery format and their predictors

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