Attentional and affective consequences of technology supported mindfulness training: a randomised, active control, efficacy trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Mindfulness training (MT) programs represent an approach to attention training with well-validated mental health benefits. However, research supporting MT efficacy is based predominantly on weekly-meeting, facilitator-led, group-intervention formats. It is unknown whether participants might benefit from neurofeedback-assisted, technology-supported MT (N-tsMT), in which meditation is delivered individually, without the need for a facilitator, travel to a training site, or the presence of a supportive group environment. Mirroring the validation of group MT interventions, the first step in addressing this question requires identifying whether N-tsMT promotes measurable benefits. Here, we report on an initial investigation of a commercial N-tsMT system. METHODS: In a randomized, active control trial, community-dwelling healthy adult participants carried out 6 weeks of daily practice, receiving either N-tsMT (n = 13), or a control condition of daily online math training (n = 13). Training effects were assessed on target measures of attention and well-being. Participants also completed daily post-training surveys assessing effects on mood, body awareness, calm, effort, and stress. RESULTS: Analysis revealed training effects specific to N-tsMT, with attentional improvements in overall reaction time on a Stroop task, and well-being improvements via reduced somatic symptoms on the Brief Symptom Inventory. Attention and well-being improvements were correlated, and effects were greatest for the most neurotic participants. However, secondary, exploratory measures of attention and well-being did not show training-specific effects. N-tsMT was associated with greater body awareness and calm, and initially greater effort that later converged with effort in the control condition. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings indicate that N-tsMT promotes modest benefits for attention and subjective well-being in a healthy community sample relative to an active control condition. However, the findings would benefit from replication in a larger sample, and more intensive practice or more comprehensive MT instruction might be required to promote the broader benefits typically reported in group format, facilitated MT. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN43629398 . Retrospectively registered on June 16, 2016.
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Self-help mindfulness-based interventions have been validated in student, general, and clinical populations.
“Self-help, mindfulness-based interventions have been validated in student samples (Cavanagh et al., 2013;Hazlett-Stevens & Oren, 2017;Lever Taylor et al., 2014), the general population (Bhayee et al., 2016;Krusche, Cyhlarova, King, & Williams, 2012;Wimberley, Mintz, & Suh, 2016), and clinical populations (Dimidjian et al., 2014;Morledge et al., 2013).”
From A Mindfulness-Based Intervention: Differential Effects on Affective and Processual Evolution (2018) · cites this paper as Bhayee et al., 2016
More recent studies using neurofeedback-assisted technology-supported mindfulness training have revealed selective attention improvement and enhancement in well-being in healthy individuals.
“More recent studies using neurofeedback-assisted technology-supported mindfulness training (N-tsMT) have revealed selective attention improvement and enhancement in well-being in healthy individuals150.”
From Paying attention to attention in depression (2019) · cites this paper as [150]
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- Authors
- Bhayee, S., Tomaszewski, P., Lee, D. H., Moffat, G., Pino, L., Moreno, S., & Farb, N. A. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- InteraXon (Canada) (CA)
- Simon Fraser University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Farb, Norman A. S.
- Venue
- BMC Psychology
- Published
- 2016-11-29
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 60-60
- ISSN
- 2050-7283 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5127005
- OpenAlex
- W2557883384
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 12.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Ontario Centres for Excellence (22511)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- mindfulness training, neurofeedback, technology-based interventions, attention, subjective well-being, Stroop task, reaction time, body awareness, tranquility, effort, stress, neuroticism, healthy adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Attention, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Quality of Life, Reaction Time, Stress, Psychological, Treatment Outcome, Stroop Test, Neurofeedback, Mindfulness
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